If an enclave then it will share borders so would have to be in a relation.
If an island it's highly likely to have other admin_levels or even be an exclave.
-------------

I'd recommend

 * adding maritime=yes to all required ways that don't have them.
 * adding boundary=administrative relations to ways the require them
 * removing admin_level & boundary=administrative from ways which have
   them in relations


This should be adequate for OSM-Carto to render boundaries as desired. however on GitHub, Matthijs claims "there is no way to express that in CartoCSS". This is not a good enough reason to add & use duplicated tags on ways. It's been agreed they are redundant.

If Overpass can perform the required API call, why can't CartoCSS be coded to do it?:

http://overpass-turbo.eu/s/x7H <http://overpass-turbo.eu/s/wWg>

rel"admin_level"="2" <https://github.com/gravitystorm/openstreetmap-carto/pull/%7B%7Bbbox%7D%7D>;
way(r)["maritime"="yes"];
out geom;

DaveF


On 18/03/2018 22:23, Kevin Kenny wrote:
On Sun, Mar 18, 2018 at 12:11 PM, Andrew Hain
<[email protected]> wrote:
I agree entirely with Dave on this. Consider this a request to consider 
systematically removing the admin_level tag from ways or making it a 
discardable tag only for ways.
I hope that you mean 'ways that are also part of a
boundary=administrative relation.' It's easy to imagine an
administrative region whose border is a single way (it's an island, or
it's an enclave entirely surrounded by another administrative region.
If you mean by this statement that 'an administrative region must
always be a relation,' please make that explicit.

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