RC Macaulay writes, > The vortex I am referring to would be a tornado. The formation of this > vortex is fascinating. Within the cone of the vortex a condition exists for > formation of lightning. Many actual movies taken of moving tornados show > what first appears to be the vortex cone destroying power lines which short > and spark. A closer look at the films show a "glow" within the cone and no > power lines close.
In old posts on vortex (which I am paraphrasing), we have speculated about the unrecognized sources for the remarkable energy available from natural vortices - the hurricane more so than the tornado- although each are surprising in their own way. Of course, orthodoxy insists that is all relates 'only' to solar energy... and probably most of it does... but all? In 1840, when town gas was still in vogue, Lord Armstrong was the first to study the electrical charge produced as steam escaped from boilers, a phenomenon called 'steam electricity.' An understanding of this complex phenomenon appears to be instrumental in understanding hurricanes because it involves both on a kinetic effect (heat + an acoustic effect), and a pH effect (carbonic acid) and a triboelectric effect (friction). Faraday confirmed Armstrong's findings (and today gets most of the credit), but found that steam alone produced no electricity. Here is an interesting paper, "Bubbles and Steam Electricity" by T.V. Prevenslik http://www.esdjournal.com/techpapr/prevens/steam.pdf The point of this is that decent amounts of hydrogen can be freed from water vapor or steam and CO2 merely by kinetics - it doesn't necessarily require electrochemistry. Added current will help increase the rate of splitting but is not required for a fair amount of hydrogen. This kinetic 'free-energy' methodology is probably also seen in nature - in providing some of the enormous energy released in hurricanes, for instance. Look at these results: "Intensification of Water Electrolysis in a Centrifugal Field" Cheng and Scott, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, available online: http://www.electrochem.org/publications/jes/samples/JES-D172_1.pdf "The intensification of the production of hydrogen and oxygen, i.e., water electrolysis, was achieved in a centrifugal acceleration field. This was demonstrated by measuring the cell voltage and the electrode potentials for cells operated with and without centrifugal fields, as a function of current density." At 20,000 ft,the active zone for hurricanes, the inputs are optimized. I am attaching the relevant potion of a previous post based on NASA disclosures, about a speculative energy mechanism that may supply as much as 1/4 to 1/3 of the total energy dumped by an average hurricane over a period of 2 weeks. Make no mistake, it takes a lot of solar energy to "set the stage" for a hurricane, but the actual storm dumps so much energy so quickly than it could NOT possibly be stored in wind, water temp. etc. ERGO some kind of previously undescribed OU-mechanism is looking like an interesting premise.... Given that the upper atmosphere contains appreciable quantities of free electrons that are created by cosmic rays, solar ultraviolet, lightning, etc, which are quickly converted to negative (O2-) ions, which will then be poised to interact with water vapor and CO2, it seems possible that an exothermic water-splitting "chain reaction" can be set up naturally with massive physical repercussions at high altitude (reduced atmospheric pressure). This is especially true if the water vapor contains entrained salt ions. Solar energy is involved in part of the process: the upper atmosphere ionization, the wind agitation and the water temperature. This is the triboelectric effect. But most of the resulting heat energy from H2/O2 splitting and recombination, which is the OU part, is derived from nanoscale pressure differential forces and QM (quantum mechanical) interaction, which are Casimir-like and probably operate at the Forster radius of 2-10 nanometers. By "chain reaction" it is meant that a reappearing "agent", not unlike a catalyst, is the physical modality that will enhance an ongoing natural separation process that occurs with (H)OH, then forming H2 and O2, as will be described below. It is a little counter-intuitive to imagine that one can create hydrogen most efficiently by using oxygen, which it "wants" to combine with, but mother nature has shown us that you can IF a "mixed-gas" output or immediate recombination is acceptable. Of course, some scientists believe they have violent weather figured out already, and the hurricane phenomenon does not require anything other than a few degrees of surplus ocean temperature. However, even they admit: "Last year, NASA researchers took the temperature of the eye of Hurricane Erin to determine how a hurricane's warm center fuels the strength of storms.... The researchers found that the warmest portion around a hurricane's eye is approximately *3.5 miles high* Interesting. How did the warmest part get 3.5 miles high? As one goes higher in elevation, air temperature normally decreases. Typically, air temperatures decrease about 3.6� F per 1,000 feet of elevation. At 20,000 feet we would expect that a sea level air/ocean temperature of 72 degrees to drop to zero. If instead, in a hurricane a large mass of air is raised to 100 degrees, what known mechanism can do that? Sure, there is a lot of convection and wind, but this pocket of gas is higher temperature than the ocean temperature. Even with very efficient kinetic transfer, it should be somewhat lower. And if you look at the temperature cross-section, the heat appears to be created at the higher level and convected downward, not the opposite. There are some rationalizations for this oddity from the NASA scientists, but to me they are not convincing. However, we know that water will "burn" (hyperoxidize): O2 + 2H2O + 2e- ----> H2O2 + 2OH- O2 + H2O + 2e- ----> HO2- + OH- These can be HIGH efficiency cathode reactions that can take place on a gas cathode (O2- )and they occur more efficiently in a partial vacuum. They are nominally endothermic reactions, but the story does not end there. Not only are the reaction products highly exothermic but the hydroxyl that is formed will donate its electron back to an O2 to continue the chain reaction, ad infinitum, if the parameters are optimized. As far back as 1985, Bockris showed that the net enthalpy change from recombination may be greater than the normal STP water dissociation energy. But even here Bockris did not take into account certain QM dissociation effects of the oxygen ion that could convert slight OU to significant OU. See: "On the Splitting of Water", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 10 No. 30, pp.179-201. Again, this net enthalpy normally will occur only in a low energy plasma regime. Exactly what one might expect at twenty thousand feet with lots of turbulence (and possible cavitation) ! But to go further into OU than Bockris imagined, we must consider that the oxygen ion together with water's extreme polarity, creates a quasi-stable water-bound structure - one where the positively-charged ends of both water molecules bind fairly strongly, even in a cold plasma: H H O< O-O >O H H Up to this point there is no OU. But we can reasonably suspect that normal probability movements of the two protons in this structure will be such that QM molecular tunneling will be much more highly favored, statistically, than the in normal water dissociation equilibrium of 1 x 10^-7 moles per liter, due to the presence, at angstrom distances, of a bound aggressive oxidizer. The equilibrium percentage for free protons is low , for sure, but it is a nearly "instantaneous" transition (picosecond time scale) so that when any free protons are removed (in the form of H2 gas), they will immediately reform as part of the natural QM process. Therefore even thought the proportion is low at any given instant, the rate of formation can be high. As mentioned, a partial vacuum is required for nanoscale pressure differential forces and optimized QM interaction, which are Casimir-like and probably operate at the Forster radius of 1-2 nanaometers, which would correspond to the ion mean free path of the compound ion structure pictured above. The heat derived from H2/O2 sequential splitting and recombination (electrolytic chain reaction) may be part of a "natural" overunity engine that requires a partial vacuum but begins with warm salt water and high winds. That part requires solar energy input, but a previously undescibed OU process could be the secondary power engine in hurricanes. And some justification for using the name "vortex" in regard to the pursuit of "free energy." IOW when you combine and reconsider all of this information together, it is clear that *kinetics alone* will do a large part of the water-splitting job for you as long as you have a minimum amount of carbon and don't care about immediate recombination - this will be referred to as non-Faradaic water-splitting, not just thermal but enhanced-electro-thermo-chemical. Or so it would seem from building vortices on top of NASA's recent disclosures. More later... Jones
