On Mon, Apr 11, 2011 at 6:21 PM, Terry Blanton <hohlr...@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Mon, Apr 11, 2011 at 5:57 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote:.. > > > So sorry...please excuse me, I am just begining to learn the vortex > ropes. > > No, I apologize. We have speculated for so long. > > T > > >From Axil The following speculation is offered as a springboard for discussion as regards to the chemical and physical processes that underlie the Rossi reactor. This is another attempt to connect the dots. Some information from Piantelli is more revealing than the info so far provided by Rossi as follows: In the article “Rossi and Focardi LENR Device: Probably Real, With Credit to Piantelli” as follows: “The future of the Ni-H energy work, Piantelli explained, is all about atomic deposition of elements. To this end, the heart of the new laboratory features a clean room and machine that he calls "Knudsen," which is used to deposit thin films by thermal evaporation and surface preparation. "This is the heart of the problem," Piantelli said. "The surface treatment on the nickel rod is the secret; it's fundamental." Actually, there are more secrets, he said. He didn't mind photographs being taken of anything in the lab. However, he said the real secrets are in his head - that is, the process of the surface preparation and what he's learned of this art in the last 19 years. Piantelli said that he now has the ability to look at the samples before the experiments begin and predict whether the material will work. He said that a special annealing furnace that the Piantelli-Focardi group now has is an essential part of the materials preparation process.” Speculation on what could be going on here. Rock salt structure of NiO http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png/200px-Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) can be fabricated so that the planes of oxygen and nickel stack on each other causing the formation of a capacitor where two equivalent layers of opposite charge densities alternate normal to the surface, with an interlayer spacing R1. NiO can be prepared by multiple methods. In one of them, upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give NiO. In a rock salt like crystal structure, each repeated crystal unit is separated by a distance of R2 and bears a dipole moment density. Oxygen being electronegative has an abundance of negative charge. As a result, the electrostatic potential increases monotonically across the system by a fixed amount per double layer. When properly terminated, the voltage on the surface of the material is large, typically of the order of several tens of electron volts per layer in an ionic material. The total dipole moment of N bilayers is proportional to the slab thickness, and the electrostatic energy amount grows very large, even for thin films or nano-particles. In other words, when truncated along the [1 1 1] direction, rock-salt oxides like NiO exhibit alternating planes of metal2+ and oxygen2_ ions to create a Type-3 polar surface. In a type 3 polar surface of nickel oxide along the [1 1 1] direction, the charge density is non zero and the dipole moment in the repeating unit perpendicular to the surface, respectively is illustrated as follows: NNNNNNNNNNNNN -- R1 OOOOOOOOOOOOO -- . . R2 . . NNNNNNNNNNNNN -- R1 OOOOOOOOOOOOO -- . . R2 . . NNNNNNNNNNNNN-- R1 OOOOOOOOOOOOO -- When so configured, nickel oxide provides a huge work function which attracts hydrogen ions and electro-statically glues them to the surface of the NiO with a greater force far more effectively that for any one pure metallic element. This large accumulation of electrostatic force is usually unstable and causes distortions and breakdowns on the polar face of the crystal but if a way has been found to somehow stabilize this polar surface of the Oxide using fine nanopowder, then the electrostatic force might remain largely undiminished. In the small dimensions of nanopowder, polar surfaces of oxides have been made to stabilize electrostatically. Such strong electrostatic charge potential might help attract and pack hydrogen into other forms of transition metal Oxide compounds which forms the surface veneer of the a core and shell nanopowder. The next step is annealing (remember that annealing is an important step in the Focardi process)[/u] the Nickel oxide sub-layer in a pure oxygen atmosphere to produce a cover of porous X2O3(where X is a high temperature transition metal). This compound is colored other than that opposed to the green of NiO. The annealing could be a step to remove water and lipids from an organic nano-particle preperation step; see below Note: I think that the X was Nickel for Piantelli and upgraded to Iron for Rossi as explained below. Packing of hydrogen is JOB ONE in the Rossi process: [start quote] Edmund Storms: Rossi hit upon this somewhat by accident. He was using a nickel catalyst to explore ways of making a fuel by combining hydrogen and carbon monoxide and apparently, observed quite by accident, that his [?????] was making extra energy. So then he explored it from that point of view and, apparently, over a year or two, amplified the effect. He’s exploring the gas loading area of the field. This is also a region, a method used in the heavy water, or the heavy hydrogen, system. But in this case, it was light hydrogen, ordinary hydrogen and nickel and what happens is quite amazing. You create the right conditions in the nickel, and he has a secret method for doing that, and all you do is add hydrogen to it and it makes huge amounts of energy based upon a nuclear reaction.”[ end quote] Note: High temperature NiO has been studied as a way to break up vegetable fat into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The role of X2O3 and metalized hydrogen What the function of the X2O3 does is absorb hydrogen is vast amounts by packing the hydrogen atoms into a vast number of countless holes and defects in the crystal structure of this X2O3 oxide compound. This stuff has so many holes (crystal defects) that it can be used as a semiconductor acting as a solid state diode. The hydrogen atoms pack into these holes in vast numbers to exceed 100 hydrogen atoms by number per hole. The atomic packing is so dense and the electrostatic force exerted by the NiO is so great that the hydrogen degenerates into an ultra-dense hydrogen H(-1) form entangled as a fermionic condensate. A fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles. It is closely related to the Bose–Einstein condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms (deuterium) under similar conditions (aka cold fusion). Hydrogen permeation of metals is a path to metalized hydrogen. It is well known that hydrogen can permeate to a remarkable extent various ordinary metals under conditions of ordinary pressure. In other cases it is possible that the hydrogen literally alloys itself with the metal (somewhat analogous to mercury amalgam formation). Certainly it is known that many metals remain metallic (e.g., palladium) after absorbing hydrogen Doing the first test, .25 grams of hydrogen was loaded into one gram of nickel. That is an enormous amount of hydrogen to pack into a very small quantity of nickel. Therefore the secret process enables the massive packing of large amounts of hydrogen into any one of many different types of materials. Such dense packing indicates the formation of metalized hydrogen. In detail, this is how such packing may be done: Clusters of condensed hydrogen (Rydberg matter) of densities up to 10e29 atoms per cubic centimeter are packed into pores of solid oxide metal crystals were confirmed from time-of flight mass spectrometry measurements in experiments. A picture of Rydberg matter as follows: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/RMclusterW.jpg When applied to the crystal lattices of metal oxide micro and/or nano particles, a cathode material with an ultra dense packing of hydrogen might be prepared. The ratio of hydrogen to the host metal oxide atoms might be pushed to as high as 10 to 1 or more. In contrast to gases, the appearance of ultrahigh density clusters packed within the crystal defects in the lattice structure of various solid metal oxides were observed in several experiments, where such configurations of very high density hydrogen states could be detected from SQUID measurements of magnetic response and conductivity (Lipson et al., 2005), indicating a special state of hydrogen with metallic properties. These high density clusters have a long life (Miley et al., 2009). Hundreds of atoms of hydrogen can be packed into each crystal defect of the metal oxide as Rydberg matter. Furthermore, the densities of defects in the metal oxide may be extremely large such that average distance between Rydberg clusters amount to about 10 atoms or closer (in subsequent on-the-fly packing) in the host lattice. Unlike the Bose–Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates are formed using fermions instead of bosons. When mechanical vibrations in the crystal lattice are produced, during the heating of the metal lattice the fermions in the hydrogen join up to form cooper pairs which then enables the formation of the fermionic condensate. Remember, Cooper pairs provide the enabling mechanism of superconnectivity in a Mott insulator (see below) In some fraction of this densely packed hydrogen, an atomic inversion of the hydrogen atom pairs then occurs. This is caused by a transfer of angular momentum and kinetic energy from the electron pair to the protons under the influence of the vibrations of the crystal lattice when heat is applied to initiate the reaction. Such heating of the nickel powder is required to initiate the Rossi reaction. As described below, Mott isolation phase transition is also enabled and optimized by increasing the distance between atomic layers of oxygen and nickel as well as increasing all atomic distances. This lattice heating also transfers kinetic energy to the trapped hydrogen increasing its pressure until its transitions to a metalized state. The protons orbit each electron in the copper electron pair which greatly decreased the atomic size and increases the density of the degenerate hydrogen. (H(-1) is 130,000 times denser than protium H(1)) The electrons in a pair are not necessarily close together; because the interaction is long range, paired electrons may still be many hundreds of nanometers apart. This distance is usually greater than the average interelectron distance; so many Cooper pairs can occupy the same space. Electrons have spin1/2, so they are fermions, but a Cooper pair is a composite boson as its total spin is integer (0 or 1). In metalized hydrogen, the electrons are unbound and behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. In liquid metallic hydrogen, protons do not have lattice ordering; rather, it is a liquid system of protons and electrons. The uncertainty principle states that the more you know about the position of a particle, the less you know of its momentum. With degenerate matter, since the position of the subatomic particles is compressed and packed in, we know a lot about their position - and thus their momentum becomes unpredictable. Added by entanglement and the accumulation of kinetic energy from the lattice, the more compressed the hydrogen become, the more erratically its constituent subatomic particles move - rather than being a solid, degenerate matter acts like a cold version of plasma. The pressure buildup is so intense, the atoms stop being atoms, and the nucleus of the former hydrogen atoms breaks apart into it's constituent protons, which then break apart into their constituent sub-particles (quarks and gluons), which themselves start behaving abnormally. Furthermore, in the condensate, all the paired orbiting protons are entangled which means they share the same quantum mechanical state. Hydrogen in this state forms Rydberg matter. Deuterium impurities in the hydrogen will make formation of a fermionic condensate impossible. This is why a small percentage (2% to 3%) of deuterium will kill the Rossi reaction. Piantelli said that he can look at his samples before the experiments begin and predict whether the material will work because the samples will appear black (Ni2O3 cover) instead of green (NiO). Form a Piantelli interview describing an experimental meltdown: [start quote] Piantelli didn’t know how hot the experiment had gotten before he killed it because the monitor eventually blacked out. However, the metal thermocouples inside the cell melted. This told him that the temperature exceeded 1450 C. Understandably, he was angry because these experiments take a long time to run and he had to abandon it prematurely.[end quote] This indicates to me that Piantelli and Rossi are using the oxide of nickel which has a higher melting temperature than pure nickel metal(1450 C). There has been a rumor that NiO is not the secret catalyst. I discount this unless Rossi himself has denied it. Nickel Oxide NiO(II) - Melting point is 1955 °C Nickel Oxide (III) - Ni2O3 - Melting point: 600°C (decomposes with loss of O2) doping with calcium(or some other element) might improve this decomposition temperature. The low decomposition temperature of Ni2O3 suggests that the X2O3 oxide requires a high temperature replacement where X can be any number of other transition metals. As informed by experimental results, Rossi switched from nickel to Iron since Iron has a higher temperature tolerance. Iron has shone to have the ability to produce an Oxide (Fe2O3) with a tremendous capacity to absorb hydrogen. This Iron Oxide can be doped with calcium or potassium to increase the formation of holes where hydrogen can be absorbed and confined in huge amounts. >From a Rossi Q&A [start quote] Jonas L: Will your company supply with the nickel powder that is needed or will there be many different suppliers? Rossi: We will supply, because the Ni has to be treated in a proprietary way. Per: Have you studied any other potential reactions besides Ni-H? Rossi: Yes, we tried many combinations((tens of thousands)), but Ni-H is the best solution [end quote] Rossi states in his patent that copper can replace nickel. This tells me that the proprietary treatment of the material which can be comprised of any number of many different elements is the heart of the Rossi secret. Besides the classic Nickel Oxide prototypical Mott insulator, many transition metal oxides form Mott insulators. Among the most notable is Copper Oxide of superconductivity fame. According to the patent, copper can replace nickel as the catalyst, so one of the requirements of the Rossi catalyst might be generalized to a requirement for a Mott insulator as the core of the nano-particle. Many transition metals can form Mott insulators. In addition, many transition metals can form X2O3 oxides. The metal group capable of forming MOTT insulator Oxides includes Li, Be, C, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Bi, Po, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Np, and Pu.
