How to build a potassium ion dispenser. Prepare a 5:1 molar mixture(5 parts calcium to one part KCl) of Calcium and potassium chloride KCl with both chemicals in a powdered form. Since the chemical reaction depends on adequate fresh and abundant calcium surface area, At a minimum use a powder of Calcium prepared using a jeweler’s file and sieved through a woven wire mesh ~0.07 mm wire with 0.15 mm apertures. But the finer the powder mixture is the better.
It could be that grinding the Calcium and potassium chloride KCl mixture in a mortar and pestle until the finest possible powder is produced might be optimal. This mixture was put into a small ‘‘boat’’ made from 0.125 mm thick Nichrome comprised of ~80%–20% nickel–chromium alloy foil that had been flame annealed, then mechanically cleaned and electro-polished. Electrical leads, 1 mm nickel wires, are spot welded to foil tabs on both sides of the boat. An efficiency of 20% potassium release can be expected but this efficiency is directly proportional to the quality and fineness of the calcium particles. . Apply current to get the temperature of the ‘boat’ up to 1400C. This is close to the melting point of Nichrome. An option is to make the boat out of tungsten to achieve higher temperatures. The higher the boat temperature, the more potassium ions are produced. The boiling point of the reactant calcium chloride is 1935 °C (anhydrous). This is the maximum temperature we need to stay under. Implementation is directed by detailed engineering constraints. On Sun, Mar 25, 2012 at 1:42 AM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > Creating cesium vapor is easier said than done. > > This way may be the least expensive way to do it. > > http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA524737 > > From this reference on page 60 > > > > Cesium Source Materials > > > > 1. Titanium:Cesium Chromate Dispenser > > > > The first generation UM dispenser cathodes contained a bi-metallic > compound made of titanium powder and cesium chromate (Ti:CrCs2O4) mixed at > a 5:1 ratio and hand pressed into small pellets. At a temperature of 425°C > the chromate reacts with titanium leaving free cesium in the dispenser > cavity. > > > > This may fit in with your design since chromium and titanium are > non-reactive in what you are doing. > > * * > > * * > > > On Sat, Mar 24, 2012 at 5:26 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: > >> ** >> Axil, thanks mucho. You've given me a lot to chew on. This will take me >> a while to intergrate all your design guidelines. These are the kinds of >> design directions that I would like to hear more of. >> >> Already, I've figured out a way to integrate your "double wall" design. >> This was something that did not cross my mind. Your input bringing this to >> my attention is very helpful. I've been struggling a little bit on how to >> improve convection and flow inside the reactor and frankly, your novel >> double wall design did not enter my mind. Thanks >> >> Now, I need to figure out a way to integrate an adjustable powder plate >> and think of a way to include a transparent glass for viewing. >> >> Keep it coming. I appreciate it. >> >> >> Jojo >> >> >> >> >> ----- Original Message ----- >> *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> >> *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com >> *Cc:* jth...@hotmail.com >> *Sent:* Sunday, March 25, 2012 4:41 AM >> *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >> >> JoJo: >> >> Sorry for taking so long, but I wanted to think about my response for a >> while. >> >> >> >> This maybe a lot more feedback then you ever wanted, it so … apologies. >> >> >> >> You need not take this following design whole cloth; it is an attempt to >> describe some design priorities I think are important. >> >> >> >> The vertical cylinder is a good design because it is best to confine high >> pressure hydrogen. You cannot find a square hydrogen tank. >> >> >> >> Temperature control inside the reactor is important. Your reactor should >> include a number of heat zones. Experimentally, it is important to know >> how hot each zone gets. If you don’t do this you are flying blind. Without >> knowing what is going on inside your reactor in detail, it will be hard to >> determine if you are making progress. >> >> >> >> The more debugging tools that you can come up with, the more progress you >> will make in the long run. >> >> >> >> One zone would be close to the spark. Another would be on the powder; >> finely, the coldest part of the cylinder (where it contacts the steam) >> where condensation of the catalyst might take place. >> >> I would include a transparent window that lets through visible light and >> infrared radiation in your design. Place it in a convenient location on >> the surface of the cylinder… maybe at its top… where you can see all or at >> least most of these zones. This will allow you to remotely measure their >> temperature somehow, say with an infrared thermometer. >> >> >> >> Design the experimental reactor so that you can clean the inside of the >> window. It is no good having a window if you can’t see through it. >> >> >> >> Include a thin walled pipe axially positioned inside the cylinder to act >> as a chimney. Hot gas will rise up the pipe to the top of the cylinder, and >> then the gas will cool at the top of the cylinder then descend down the >> exterior side of the pipe between that exterior pipe wall and the inside >> surface of the cylinder. The gas will be further cooled by the inside >> surface of the cylinder if its outside surface is in contact with water >> and/or steam. >> >> >> >> This double wall configuration will establish a strong circular >> convective gas flow between hot zones and cold zones. >> >> >> >> Place the spark at the bottom of the pipe. Next place the catalyst near >> the spark covering the surface of a flat half ring. High heat is needed to >> vaporize the catalyst completely. >> >> >> >> The catalyst is initially in the form of a hydride and must vaporize. The >> flat ring (called the catalyst ring) is located on one side of the wall of >> the pipe. It should be positioned so that you can see the spark from the >> top of the cylinder. The flat half ring will allow you to see the spark >> through the hole in the ring. The spark should produce enough heat to >> vaporize the catalyst. >> >> >> >> The powder should also be placed on a half ring. This flat ring (called >> the powder ring) is located on the other side of the wall of the pipe >> opposite the catalyst ring. It should be positioned so that you can see >> both the spark and the catalyst ring through the window. This flat half >> ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole in the ring. >> >> >> >> The powder ring should be adjustable such that the distance from the >> spark can be varied. >> >> >> >> JoJo Jaro said: *I will be including all elements suggested as catalyst >> - ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, >> although cesium might be harder to acquire.* >> >> >> >> IMHO, the catalyst used should vaporize at least in part or completely. >> The operational temperature of your reactor should be high enough to keep >> the catalyst vaporized. >> >> >> >> For example, the potassium catalyst type reactor should operate at about >> 600C. >> >> >> >> Put elements that don’t vaporize in with the powder, if you don’t the >> catalyst and the powder cannot interact. >> >> >> >> Don’t use magnetic fields, they might kill the reaction and be very >> careful of radiation exposure. >> >> >> >> Don’t exceed safe hydrogen pressures during catalyst hydride vaporization. >> >> >> >> Best Regards: Axil >> >> >> >> >> >> >> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 6:59 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: >> >>> ** >>> Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative. >>> Thanks. I now have a better understanding. >>> >>> My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating >>> Rydberg matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my >>> speculation makes sense. >>> >>> In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical >>> reactor with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The >>> high voltage creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a >>> specific frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right >>> frequency would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I >>> am thinking that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough >>> Rydberg matter created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly >>> create a too high localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel >>> powder rendering its nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR >>> reactions. I'm thinking the trick is to find out the right amount of >>> sparking - enough to create tons of Rydberg matter but not too much to melt >>> the nickel nanostructures. It would also be important to design the heat >>> and convective flow inside the reactor to properly distribute the heat. >>> >>> With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at >>> the bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto >>> this pile would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure >>> due to increased localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would >>> explain Rossi's quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long >>> till the Ni powders would melt. >>> >>> To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to >>> distribute the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the >>> nickel powder. I believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT >>> Cat" design. If I remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a >>> laptop with the reactor itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This >>> is essentially two metal plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized >>> hydrogen. The nickel is spread out thinly over the surface of the plate. >>> He then subjects the plates to high voltage to create sparks. He controls >>> the amount of sparks by varying the frequency of the high voltage. If he >>> needs more reaction, he increases the frequency of the sparks creating more >>> Rydberg matter to catalyze more reactions. If he lowers the amount of >>> sparks, he lowers the reaction rate. Spreading the Ni powder would also >>> have the effect of spreading the heat thereby minimizing the chances of too >>> high localized temperatures. >>> >>> In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big >>> block of steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just >>> like Rossi's original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" >>> in DGT's test reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT >>> minimized the quiescene problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out >>> over a longer cylindrical reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short >>> and fat, hence his Ni powder would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's >>> cylindrical design was longer and thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, >>> minimizing quiescense as they claimed. >>> >>> To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in >>> Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate, >>> which he calls "RF". >>> >>> So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think >>> the strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst >>> mix to sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure >>> that there is sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow >>> the powder all over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder >>> while simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter >>> between the Rydberg matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei. >>> >>> So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent >>> mixing. I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will >>> have a horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug >>> electrode as the high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug >>> with an Ignition coil actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output >>> of my MF-28 data acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency >>> by controlling the rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a >>> feedback mechanism to lower the sparking rate if the temperature gets too >>> high.) The trick would then be to find the right amount of sparking for >>> the highest amount of heat production. To increase chances of success, I >>> will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie iron, carbon, >>> copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium might be >>> harder to acquire. >>> >>> What do you think of my plan? >>> >>> Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we >>> engineers can build and do the experiments. >>> >>> Jojo >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> ----- Original Message ----- >>> *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> >>> *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com >>> *Sent:* Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM >>> *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>> >>> >>> Hi Bob, >>> >>> Much thanks for your interest in this post. >>> >>> In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… >>> so be patient. >>> >>> I will respond in a series of posts. >>> >>> Post #1 >>> >>> Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”. >>> >>> Axil answers: >>> >>> Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical >>> compounds can take the form of Rydberg matter. >>> >>> For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’ >>> that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg >>> matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range >>> that Rossi says his reactor operates at. >>> >>> If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the >>> reactor may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based >>> Rydberg matter. >>> >>> Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons >>> occupy, how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?” >>> >>> >>> Axil answers: >>> >>> This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. >>> This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the >>> pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, >>> coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the >>> coulomb barrier of the nickel nuclei. >>> >>> >>> Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface >>> of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot >>> penetrate inside the nickel grain. >>> >>> But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of >>> the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain >>> contributing. >>> >>> The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion >>> reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier >>> of the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper >>> pair to tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the >>> nickel atoms of the lattice to fuse. >>> >>> Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total >>> volume of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. >>> This is why the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion >>> technology. >>> >>> On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing: >>> >>> “In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider >>> this problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout >>> the whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To >>> answer this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl >>> sulfate, UO2SO4) [3].” >>> >>> The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space >>> of the explosion chamber. >>> >>> This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg >>> matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic >>> laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> (1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a >>> few centimeters. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins >>> <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>wrote: >>> >>>> Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please >>>> continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me >>>> understand these questions: >>>> >>>> Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these >>>> Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the >>>> atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate? >>>> >>>> With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a >>>> phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals >>>> would extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates >>>> are possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know >>>> that the LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to >>>> require support from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some >>>> kind of condensate effect is needed within the lattice. >>>> >>>> In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that >>>> form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of >>>> condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg. >>>> >>>> The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for >>>> the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a >>>> condensate from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole >>>> provides support for the charge evidence that you described from >>>> NanoSpire. Can you explain that a little more? >>>> >>>> >>>> *On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com>wrote: >>>> * >>>> >>>> Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>>>>> >>>>>> This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as >>>>>> follows: >>>>>> >>>>>> Cold Fusion Magic Dust >>>>>> >>>>>> Rydberg matter and cavitation >>>>>> >>>>> >>> >> >
