Post 2 Bob Higgins asked: “How would these Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate?”
Axil’s response: First off, I would like to provide evidence that Rydberg matter can exist in a hot environment. It is know that Rydberg matter can be formed and survive in a Thermionic Converter. >From the wikipedia reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_converter “A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful electric power output. Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply (by surface contact ionization or electron impact ionization in a plasma) to neutralize the electron space charge.” The temperature near the hot emitter electrode reaches a temperature around 1500 to 2000K. “Recent studies(1) have shown that excited Cs-atoms in thermionic converters form clusters of Cs-Rydberg matter which yield a decrease of collector emitting work function from 1.5 eV to 1.0 – 0.7 eV. Due to long-lived nature of Rydberg matter this low work function remains low for a long time which essentially increases the low-temperature converter’s efficiency.” (1)- Very low work function surfaces from condensed excited states: Rydberg matter of cesium - Robert Svensson, Leif Holmlid "Measurements of work functions on the electrodes in plasma diodes of the thermionic energy converter (TEC) type are commonly made by studies of the voltage-current characteristics. The plasma in such converters is a low temperature cesium plasma, between two electrodes at different temperatures, around 1500 and 800 K respectively. We have recently reported on new phenomena in such plasmas, giving very strong electron emission from the cold to the hot electrode. This type of behaviour is related to the formation of large densities of excited states, and we explain the observations as due to a condensed phase of excited cesium atoms, which we call Rydberg matter. This type of matter was recently predicted theoretically by Manykin et al. An analysis of the diode measurements gives very low work functions for the excited matter, less than 0.7 eV and probably less than 0.5 eV. This low work function agrees with the jellium model, since the density of atoms in Rydberg matter is very low." Rossi’s previous work experience includes the development of prototype thermionic converter, so he should know all about Rydberg matter. Note that the Rydberg matter forms near the COLD electrode of a thermionic converter tat a temperature of around 500C (800K). This factoid speaks to the fact that Rydberg matter is formed through the CONDESATION of hot ions in plasma. In the case of a Rossi type reactor, the feedstock of Rydberg matter formation must be in VAPOR form. Here, it is the proper application of COLD which allows Rydberg matter to form. As an analogy, when a snow flake forms in a cloud, water vapor loses heat. The nascent ice crystal attracts increasing numbers of water molecules as the snowflake grows larger. You can think of Rydberg matter as a form of snow. In Rossi type reactors, the unremitting application of heat is not the answer. There needs to be a temperature gradient maintained with a hot end (the spark or the hot element of a heater) and a cold end (a cold hydrogen envelope big enough for condensation to occur). The well controlled maintenance of both the hot and cold temperature zones in the hydrogen envelope is important because Rydberg matter must form and be rejuvenated constantly. This goldilocks temperature regime is defined by the Rydberg catalyst element or compound that is used. The Rydberg catalyst must get close to or in the hot zone as vapor to be re-ionized. It is a requirement for the temperature regime inside the hydrogen envelope be well matched to the Rydberg catalyst to maintain the ionization and condensation cycle. If the hydrogen envelop gets too cold in spots the entire supply or at least a major portion of Rydberg catalyst vapor will solidify as a hydride on these cold spots and this portion of the Rydberg catalyst won’t be able to get into the hot zone for ionization. Vapor is mobile, solid hydride is not. IMHO, both Rossi and DGT use pulsed application of heat as a way to control the proper hydrogen envelope temperature profile; that is to make sure that a cold zone is properly maintained. On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 4:31 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > > Hi Bob, > > Much thanks for your interest in this post. > > In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… > so be patient. > > I will respond in a series of posts. > > Post #1 > > Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”. > > Axil answers: > > Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical compounds > can take the form of Rydberg matter. > > For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’ > that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg > matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range > that Rossi says his reactor operates at. > > If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the reactor > may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based Rydberg matter. > > Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, > how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?” > > Axil answers: > > This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. > This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the > pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, > coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the > coulomb barrier of the nickel nuclei. > > > Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface > of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot > penetrate inside the nickel grain. > > But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of > the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain > contributing. > > The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion > reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier > of the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper > pair to tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the > nickel atoms of the lattice to fuse. > > Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total volume > of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. This is > why the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion technology. > > On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing: > > “In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider this > problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout the > whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To > answer this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl > sulfate, UO2SO4) [3].” > > The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space of > the explosion chamber. > > This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg > matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic > laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters. > > > > > (1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a few > centimeters. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins <[email protected]>wrote: > >> Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please >> continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me >> understand these questions: >> >> Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these >> Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the >> atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate? >> >> With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a >> phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals >> would extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates >> are possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know >> that the LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to >> require support from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some >> kind of condensate effect is needed within the lattice. >> >> In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that >> form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of >> condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg. >> >> The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for >> the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a >> condensate from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole >> provides support for the charge evidence that you described from >> NanoSpire. Can you explain that a little more? >> >> >> *On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote:* >> >> Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>>> >>>> This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as >>>> follows: >>>> >>>> Cold Fusion Magic Dust >>>> >>>> Rydberg matter and cavitation >>>> >>> >
