By the way, the Fermi energy prohibits ultra-low energy neutrons from surviving because the neutron energy must meet or exceed the Fermi temperature of the lattice.
On Wed, Mar 27, 2013 at 3:24 AM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > Let’s get started on the math > > In quantum mechanics, a group of particles known as fermions (for example, > electrons, protons and neutrons) obey the Pauli exclusion principle. This > states that two fermions cannot occupy the same (one-particle) quantum > state. The states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers. In a system > containing many fermions (like electrons in a metal), each fermion will > have a different set of quantum numbers. To determine the lowest energy a > system of fermions can have, we first group the states into sets with equal > energy, and order these sets by increasing energy. Starting with an empty > system, we then add particles one at a time, consecutively filling up the > unoccupied quantum states with the lowest energy. When all the particles > have been put in, the Fermi energy is the energy of the highest occupied > state. What this means is that even if we have extracted all possible > energy from a metal by cooling it to near absolute zero temperature (0 > kelvin), the electrons in the metal are still moving around. The fastest > ones are moving at a velocity corresponding to a kinetic energy equal to > the Fermi energy. This is the Fermi velocity. The Fermi energy is one of > the important concepts of condensed matter physics. It is used, for > example, to describe metals, insulators, and semiconductors. It is a very > important quantity in the physics of superconductors, in the physics of > quantum liquids like low temperature helium (both normal and superfluid > 3He), and it is quite important to nuclear physics and to understand the > stability of white dwarf stars against gravitational collapse. > > The Fermi energy goes as the 2/3 power of the number of protons or > neutrons. > > This energy is very high for a “zillion” neutrons. > > The Fermi temperature is the temperature at which the typical electron has > a thermal energy equal to the Fermi energy, meaning that the typical > neutron is reasonably likely to be excited above the Fermi level. > > see > > http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/FermiTemperature.html > > For more info see > > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knVD1AfiozA > > > On Wed, Mar 27, 2013 at 2:37 AM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > >> *You can pack a "zillion" protons into a tiny space.* >> >> No, protons need to pair with neutrons to get close; that is how they >> form nuclei. >> >> Hydrogen will form metal hybrid chemically. But then they are not mobile >> anymore. >> >> All the above does not apply to neutrons. Neutrons cannot be packed by >> the zillions into a tiny space. >> >> >> >> >> On Wed, Mar 27, 2013 at 1:20 AM, David Roberson <[email protected]>wrote: >> >>> If you are dealing with hydrogen in an NAE, is it necessary to consider >>> it as being the size of a hydrogen atom in free space or can you treat it >>> as a far smaller proton? You can pack a "zillion" protons into a tiny >>> space. >>> >>> I would expect hydrogen to be different than any other element when >>> contained within a metal matrix. It only has one electron in orbit and it >>> just seems likely that this single electron could be "lost" within the >>> metal atoms surrounding the nucleus. It is not hard to imagine that the >>> proton charge would be neutralized or shielded by the activity of many >>> electrons from the adjacent metal atoms. If this happens, then why not >>> expect more protons to be able to occupy a region closer than normal to >>> each other when so confined and shielded. I guess the trick would be >>> associated with the interaction of the metal electrons. >>> >>> Dave >>> >>> >>> -----Original Message----- >>> From: Axil Axil <[email protected]> >>> To: vortex-l <[email protected]> >>> Sent: Tue, Mar 26, 2013 10:08 pm >>> Subject: Re: [Vo]: Low Energy Neutrons and Local Temperature >>> >>> There is a basic falsity in the LENR+ particle argument be it neutron >>> or protons. >>> You cannot pack the volume of particles needed to produce the energy >>> demonstrated in the LENR+ systems into those small NAE cavities at the >>> volumes needed because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle. >>> It is like packing 10 lbs. of crap into a one oz. bag. >>> LENR cannot be based on particles entering into a nucleus. >>> For those who want to play with numbers, run a calculation that >>> determines the maximum density of protons or neutron that are allowed by >>> the PEP into the NAE and then determine the number of NAE that are required >>> to produce 10 kilowatts per second. >>> You will find that the numbers just don’t add up. >>> >>> Cheers: Axil >>> >>> On Tue, Mar 26, 2013 at 9:26 PM, David Roberson <[email protected]>wrote: >>> >>>> I agree with the first order of business you state. >>>> >>>> The second one could depend upon how quickly a reaction takes place >>>> since the vibration is a mechanical response to the temperature of the >>>> metal. The kinetic energy of a nucleus should be something that can be >>>> calculated and I would suspect that its rate of movement is determined by >>>> the forcing function which is a relatively slow process. I believe that a >>>> quantum mechanical action occurs so fast that the slow motion vibration of >>>> the nucleus is not important. I compare this to taking a snap shot of the >>>> instantaneous position and velocity of the nucleus. >>>> >>>> My visualization is that the quantum mechanical formula defining the >>>> behavior takes a quick look at the nucleus and nearby neutron and acts when >>>> they are in the best proper condition relative to each other. Of course if >>>> this process is slow, then my concept would not be valid and something in >>>> line with your second order would be appropriate. Has the time frame for >>>> quantum mechanical activities of this nature been determined? Another >>>> question: has the time frame for any quantum mechanical coupling been >>>> measured? That is the first question. I have read that entangled >>>> particles react at speeds in excess of light or considered instantaneous at >>>> great distances. Would this behavior be considered typical? >>>> >>>> Dave >>>> >>>> >>>> -----Original Message----- >>>> From: James Bowery <[email protected]> >>>> To: vortex-l <[email protected]> >>>> Sent: Tue, Mar 26, 2013 7:55 pm >>>> Subject: Re: [Vo]: Low Energy Neutrons and Local Temperature >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> On Tue, Mar 26, 2013 at 5:29 PM, David Roberson <[email protected]>wrote: >>>> >>>>> I have to question how one is able to have stationary neutrons. I >>>>> assume that you refer to neutrons that are stationary relative to our >>>>> frame >>>>> of observation. >>>> >>>> >>>> Relative to the statistical position of the mass of which they are a >>>> part. >>>> >>>> >>>>> One question that I keep asking is how quickly does a quantum >>>>> mechanical effect take place? >>>>> >>>> >>>> The first order of business is: What is the formula for the nuclear >>>> strong force vs distance between a nickel nucleus and a neutron? >>>> >>>> The second order of business is: When a nickel nucleus is vibrating in >>>> solid nickel, what is its spatial probability density function? >>>> >>> >>> >> >
