Mark, the word Hydroton is a word I applied to the structure required
to cause fusion between hydrogen isotopes. It consists of a linear
molecule of hydrogen, deuterium or tritium nuclei held together by 2p
bonding of electrons. It can only form in a gap in a solid material
having a critically small size, which I call the NAE for this
process. I suggest you read my papers and current e-mails that
describe the process.
Too bad marijuana got to the word first. Unfortunately, many words
used in this field of study have several definitions.
Ed Storms
On May 31, 2013, at 12:10 AM, Mark Gibbs wrote:
What is a Hydroton? I googled the term and all I could find were
references to a clay-based plant growing medium much prized by
marijuana growers ...
[mg]
On Thursday, May 30, 2013, Harry Veeder wrote:
On Thu, May 30, 2013 at 11:00 AM, Edmund Storms
<[email protected]> wrote:
Harry, imagine balls held in line by springs. If the end ball is
pull away with a force and let go, a resonance wave will pass down
the line. Each ball will alternately move away and then toward its
neighbor. If outside energy is supplied, this resonance will
continue. If not, it will damp out. At this stage, this is a purely
mechanical action that is well understood.
In the case of the Hydroton, the outside energy is temperature. The
temperature creates random vibration of atoms, which is focused
along the length of the molecule. Again, this is normal and well
understood behavior.
The strange behavior starts once the nuclei can get within a
critical distance of each other as a result of the resonance. This
distance is less than is possible in any other material because of
the high concentration of negative charge that can exist in this
structure and environment. The barrier is not eliminated. It is only
reduced enough to allow the distance to become small enough so that
the two nuclei can "see" and respond. The response is to emit a
photon from each nuclei because this process lowers the energy of
the system.
Ed,
With each cycle energy of the system is only lowered if the energy
of the emitted photon is greater than the work done by the "random
vibration of atoms" on the system. The change is analogous to an
exothermic chemical reaction which requires some activation energy
to initiate but the reaction products are in a lower energy state.
Because of the shape of the coulomb "hill" the hill can only be
climbed if the energy emitted increases with each cycle.
The Hydroton allows the Coulomb barrier to be reduced enough for the
nuclei to respond and emit excess energy. Because the resonance
immediately increases the distance, the ability or need to lose
energy is lost before all the extra energy can be emitted. If the
distance did not increased, hot fusion would result. The distance is
again reduced, and another small burst of energy is emitted. This
process continues until ALL energy is emitted and the intervening
electron is sucked into the final product.
In your model, the coulomb barrier appears to be like a hill in a
uniform gravitational field. It is possible to climb such a barrier
in steps by emitting the same amount of energy with each cycle, but
this barrier does not correspond with the actual barrier that exists
between protons. Climbing a genuine coulomb barrier requires more
energy with each cycle, so that requires more energy be emitted with
each cycle. The extra energy emitted heats the lattice even more and
produces more powerful vibrations of the lattice which can push the
protons even closer together.
I might add, all theories require a similar process. All theories
require a group of hydron be assembled, which requires emission of
Gibbs energy. Once assembled, the fusion process must take place in
stages to avoid the hot fusion result, as happens when the nuclei
get close using a muon and without the ability to limit the process.
Unfortunately, the other theories ignore these requirements.
The proton has nothing to do with the work done at each step. This
work comes from the temperature. The photon results because the
assembly has too much mass-energy for the distance between the
nuclei. If the nuclei touched, the assembly would have 24 MeV of
excess mass-energy if they were deuterons. If they are close but
not touching, the stable mass-energy would be less. At a critical
distance short of actually touching, the nuclei can "know" that they
have too much mass energy. How they know this is the magic that CF
has revealed.
Here is the magic: they share an electron and it is through this
"common ground" that they know. If they don't share an electron they
won't give up any excess mass-energy until they are touching at
which point they give it up all at once which is what happens in hot
fusion.
Harry
