JoJo: Sorry for taking so long, but I wanted to think about my response for a while.
This maybe a lot more feedback then you ever wanted, it so … apologies. You need not take this following design whole cloth; it is an attempt to describe some design priorities I think are important. The vertical cylinder is a good design because it is best to confine high pressure hydrogen. You cannot find a square hydrogen tank. Temperature control inside the reactor is important. Your reactor should include a number of heat zones. Experimentally, it is important to know how hot each zone gets. If you don’t do this you are flying blind. Without knowing what is going on inside your reactor in detail, it will be hard to determine if you are making progress. The more debugging tools that you can come up with, the more progress you will make in the long run. One zone would be close to the spark. Another would be on the powder; finely, the coldest part of the cylinder (where it contacts the steam) where condensation of the catalyst might take place. I would include a transparent window that lets through visible light and infrared radiation in your design. Place it in a convenient location on the surface of the cylinder… maybe at its top… where you can see all or at least most of these zones. This will allow you to remotely measure their temperature somehow, say with an infrared thermometer. Design the experimental reactor so that you can clean the inside of the window. It is no good having a window if you can’t see through it. Include a thin walled pipe axially positioned inside the cylinder to act as a chimney. Hot gas will rise up the pipe to the top of the cylinder, and then the gas will cool at the top of the cylinder then descend down the exterior side of the pipe between that exterior pipe wall and the inside surface of the cylinder. The gas will be further cooled by the inside surface of the cylinder if its outside surface is in contact with water and/or steam. This double wall configuration will establish a strong circular convective gas flow between hot zones and cold zones. Place the spark at the bottom of the pipe. Next place the catalyst near the spark covering the surface of a flat half ring. High heat is needed to vaporize the catalyst completely. The catalyst is initially in the form of a hydride and must vaporize. The flat ring (called the catalyst ring) is located on one side of the wall of the pipe. It should be positioned so that you can see the spark from the top of the cylinder. The flat half ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole in the ring. The spark should produce enough heat to vaporize the catalyst. The powder should also be placed on a half ring. This flat ring (called the powder ring) is located on the other side of the wall of the pipe opposite the catalyst ring. It should be positioned so that you can see both the spark and the catalyst ring through the window. This flat half ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole in the ring. The powder ring should be adjustable such that the distance from the spark can be varied. JoJo Jaro said: *I will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium might be harder to acquire.* IMHO, the catalyst used should vaporize at least in part or completely. The operational temperature of your reactor should be high enough to keep the catalyst vaporized. For example, the potassium catalyst type reactor should operate at about 600C. Put elements that don’t vaporize in with the powder, if you don’t the catalyst and the powder cannot interact. Don’t use magnetic fields, they might kill the reaction and be very careful of radiation exposure. Don’t exceed safe hydrogen pressures during catalyst hydride vaporization. Best Regards: Axil On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 6:59 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: > ** > Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative. > Thanks. I now have a better understanding. > > My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating > Rydberg matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my > speculation makes sense. > > In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical > reactor with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The > high voltage creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a > specific frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right > frequency would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I > am thinking that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough > Rydberg matter created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly > create a too high localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel > powder rendering its nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR > reactions. I'm thinking the trick is to find out the right amount of > sparking - enough to create tons of Rydberg matter but not too much to melt > the nickel nanostructures. It would also be important to design the heat > and convective flow inside the reactor to properly distribute the heat. > > With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at the > bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto this > pile would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure due to > increased localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would explain > Rossi's quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long till > the Ni powders would melt. > > To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to > distribute the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the > nickel powder. I believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT > Cat" design. If I remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a > laptop with the reactor itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This > is essentially two metal plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized > hydrogen. The nickel is spread out thinly over the surface of the plate. > He then subjects the plates to high voltage to create sparks. He controls > the amount of sparks by varying the frequency of the high voltage. If he > needs more reaction, he increases the frequency of the sparks creating more > Rydberg matter to catalyze more reactions. If he lowers the amount of > sparks, he lowers the reaction rate. Spreading the Ni powder would also > have the effect of spreading the heat thereby minimizing the chances of too > high localized temperatures. > > In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big block > of steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just like > Rossi's original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" in > DGT's test reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT > minimized the quiescene problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out > over a longer cylindrical reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short > and fat, hence his Ni powder would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's > cylindrical design was longer and thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, > minimizing quiescense as they claimed. > > To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in > Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate, > which he calls "RF". > > So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think the > strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst mix > to sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure that > there is sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow the > powder all over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder > while simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter > between the Rydberg matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei. > > So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent > mixing. I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will > have a horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug > electrode as the high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug > with an Ignition coil actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output > of my MF-28 data acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency > by controlling the rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a > feedback mechanism to lower the sparking rate if the temperature gets too > high.) The trick would then be to find the right amount of sparking for > the highest amount of heat production. To increase chances of success, I > will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie iron, carbon, > copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium might be > harder to acquire. > > What do you think of my plan? > > Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we > engineers can build and do the experiments. > > Jojo > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> > *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com > *Sent:* Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM > *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol > > > Hi Bob, > > Much thanks for your interest in this post. > > In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… > so be patient. > > I will respond in a series of posts. > > Post #1 > > Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”. > > Axil answers: > > Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical compounds > can take the form of Rydberg matter. > > For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’ > that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg > matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range > that Rossi says his reactor operates at. > > If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the reactor > may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based Rydberg matter. > > Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, > how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?” > > Axil answers: > > This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. > This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the > pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, > coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the > coulomb barrier of the nickel nuclei. > > > Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface > of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot > penetrate inside the nickel grain. > > But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of > the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain > contributing. > > The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion > reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier > of the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper > pair to tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the > nickel atoms of the lattice to fuse. > > Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total volume > of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. This is > why the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion technology. > > On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing: > > “In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider this > problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout the > whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To > answer this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl > sulfate, UO2SO4) [3].” > > The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space of > the explosion chamber. > > This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg > matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic > laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters. > > > > > (1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a few > centimeters. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>wrote: > >> Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please >> continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me >> understand these questions: >> >> Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these >> Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the >> atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate? >> >> With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a >> phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals >> would extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates >> are possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know >> that the LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to >> require support from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some >> kind of condensate effect is needed within the lattice. >> >> In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that >> form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of >> condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg. >> >> The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for >> the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a >> condensate from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole >> provides support for the charge evidence that you described from >> NanoSpire. Can you explain that a little more? >> >> >> *On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote:* >> >> Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>>> >>>> This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as >>>> follows: >>>> >>>> Cold Fusion Magic Dust >>>> >>>> Rydberg matter and cavitation >>>> >>> >
