Axil, thanks mucho. You've given me a lot to chew on. This will take me a
while to intergrate all your design guidelines. These are the kinds of design
directions that I would like to hear more of.
Already, I've figured out a way to integrate your "double wall" design. This
was something that did not cross my mind. Your input bringing this to my
attention is very helpful. I've been struggling a little bit on how to improve
convection and flow inside the reactor and frankly, your novel double wall
design did not enter my mind. Thanks
Now, I need to figure out a way to integrate an adjustable powder plate and
think of a way to include a transparent glass for viewing.
Keep it coming. I appreciate it.
Jojo
----- Original Message -----
From: Axil Axil
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Cc: jth...@hotmail.com
Sent: Sunday, March 25, 2012 4:41 AM
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
JoJo:
Sorry for taking so long, but I wanted to think about my response for a while.
This maybe a lot more feedback then you ever wanted, it so … apologies.
You need not take this following design whole cloth; it is an attempt to
describe some design priorities I think are important.
The vertical cylinder is a good design because it is best to confine high
pressure hydrogen. You cannot find a square hydrogen tank.
Temperature control inside the reactor is important. Your reactor should
include a number of heat zones. Experimentally, it is important to know how
hot each zone gets. If you don’t do this you are flying blind. Without knowing
what is going on inside your reactor in detail, it will be hard to determine if
you are making progress.
The more debugging tools that you can come up with, the more progress you
will make in the long run.
One zone would be close to the spark. Another would be on the powder;
finely, the coldest part of the cylinder (where it contacts the steam) where
condensation of the catalyst might take place.
I would include a transparent window that lets through visible light and
infrared radiation in your design. Place it in a convenient location on the
surface of the cylinder… maybe at its top… where you can see all or at least
most of these zones. This will allow you to remotely measure their temperature
somehow, say with an infrared thermometer.
Design the experimental reactor so that you can clean the inside of the
window. It is no good having a window if you can’t see through it.
Include a thin walled pipe axially positioned inside the cylinder to act as a
chimney. Hot gas will rise up the pipe to the top of the cylinder, and then the
gas will cool at the top of the cylinder then descend down the exterior side of
the pipe between that exterior pipe wall and the inside surface of the
cylinder. The gas will be further cooled by the inside surface of the cylinder
if its outside surface is in contact with water and/or steam.
This double wall configuration will establish a strong circular convective
gas flow between hot zones and cold zones.
Place the spark at the bottom of the pipe. Next place the catalyst near the
spark covering the surface of a flat half ring. High heat is needed to vaporize
the catalyst completely.
The catalyst is initially in the form of a hydride and must vaporize. The
flat ring (called the catalyst ring) is located on one side of the wall of the
pipe. It should be positioned so that you can see the spark from the top of the
cylinder. The flat half ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole
in the ring. The spark should produce enough heat to vaporize the catalyst.
The powder should also be placed on a half ring. This flat ring (called the
powder ring) is located on the other side of the wall of the pipe opposite the
catalyst ring. It should be positioned so that you can see both the spark and
the catalyst ring through the window. This flat half ring will allow you to see
the spark through the hole in the ring.
The powder ring should be adjustable such that the distance from the spark
can be varied.
JoJo Jaro said: I will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie
iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium
might be harder to acquire.
IMHO, the catalyst used should vaporize at least in part or completely. The
operational temperature of your reactor should be high enough to keep the
catalyst vaporized.
For example, the potassium catalyst type reactor should operate at about 600C.
Put elements that don’t vaporize in with the powder, if you don’t the
catalyst and the powder cannot interact.
Don’t use magnetic fields, they might kill the reaction and be very careful
of radiation exposure.
Don’t exceed safe hydrogen pressures during catalyst hydride vaporization.
Best Regards: Axil
On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 6:59 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote:
Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative.
Thanks. I now have a better understanding.
My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating
Rydberg matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my
speculation makes sense.
In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical reactor
with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The high voltage
creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a specific
frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right frequency
would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I am thinking
that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough Rydberg matter
created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly create a too high
localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel powder rendering its
nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR reactions. I'm thinking the
trick is to find out the right amount of sparking - enough to create tons of
Rydberg matter but not too much to melt the nickel nanostructures. It would
also be important to design the heat and convective flow inside the reactor to
properly distribute the heat.
With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at the
bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto this pile
would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure due to increased
localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would explain Rossi's
quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long till the Ni powders
would melt.
To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to distribute
the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the nickel powder. I
believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT Cat" design. If I
remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a laptop with the reactor
itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This is essentially two metal
plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized hydrogen. The nickel is spread
out thinly over the surface of the plate. He then subjects the plates to high
voltage to create sparks. He controls the amount of sparks by varying the
frequency of the high voltage. If he needs more reaction, he increases the
frequency of the sparks creating more Rydberg matter to catalyze more
reactions. If he lowers the amount of sparks, he lowers the reaction rate.
Spreading the Ni powder would also have the effect of spreading the heat
thereby minimizing the chances of too high localized temperatures.
In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big block
of steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just like Rossi's
original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" in DGT's test
reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT minimized the quiescene
problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out over a longer cylindrical
reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short and fat, hence his Ni powder
would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's cylindrical design was longer and
thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, minimizing quiescense as they claimed.
To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in
Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate,
which he calls "RF".
So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think the
strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst mix to
sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure that there is
sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow the powder all
over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder while
simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter between the Rydberg
matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei.
So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent
mixing. I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will
have a horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug electrode as
the high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug with an Ignition
coil actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output of my MF-28 data
acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency by controlling the
rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a feedback mechanism to lower
the sparking rate if the temperature gets too high.) The trick would then be
to find the right amount of sparking for the highest amount of heat production.
To increase chances of success, I will be including all elements suggested as
catalyst - ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium,
although cesium might be harder to acquire.
What do you think of my plan?
Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we
engineers can build and do the experiments.
Jojo
----- Original Message -----
From: Axil Axil
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
Hi Bob,
Much thanks for your interest in this post.
In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time…
so be patient.
I will respond in a series of posts.
Post #1
Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”.
Axil answers:
Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical compounds
can take the form of Rydberg matter.
For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’
that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg
matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range
that Rossi says his reactor operates at.
If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the reactor
may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based Rydberg matter.
Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy,
how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?”
Axil answers:
This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder.
This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the
pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment,
coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the coulomb
barrier of the nickel nuclei.
Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface
of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot
penetrate inside the nickel grain.
But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of
the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain
contributing.
The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion
reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier of
the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper pair to
tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the nickel atoms of
the lattice to fuse.
Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total volume
of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. This is why
the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion technology.
On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing:
“In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider
this problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout the
whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To answer
this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl sulfate,
UO2SO4) [3].”
The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space of
the explosion chamber.
This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg
matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic
laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters.
(1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a few
centimeters.
On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>
wrote:
Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please
continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me understand
these questions:
Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these
Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the atom
becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate?
With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a
phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals would
extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates are
possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know that the
LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to require support
from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some kind of condensate
effect is needed within the lattice.
In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that
form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of
condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg.
The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for
the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a condensate
from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole provides
support for the charge evidence that you described from NanoSpire. Can you
explain that a little more?
On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com>
wrote:
Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes
as follows:
Cold Fusion Magic Dust
Rydberg matter and cavitation
