Creating cesium vapor is easier said than done. This way may be the least expensive way to do it.
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA524737 >From this reference on page 60 Cesium Source Materials 1. Titanium:Cesium Chromate Dispenser The first generation UM dispenser cathodes contained a bi-metallic compound made of titanium powder and cesium chromate (Ti:CrCs2O4) mixed at a 5:1 ratio and hand pressed into small pellets. At a temperature of 425°C the chromate reacts with titanium leaving free cesium in the dispenser cavity. This may fit in with your design since chromium and titanium are non-reactive in what you are doing. * * * * On Sat, Mar 24, 2012 at 5:26 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: > ** > Axil, thanks mucho. You've given me a lot to chew on. This will take me > a while to intergrate all your design guidelines. These are the kinds of > design directions that I would like to hear more of. > > Already, I've figured out a way to integrate your "double wall" design. > This was something that did not cross my mind. Your input bringing this to > my attention is very helpful. I've been struggling a little bit on how to > improve convection and flow inside the reactor and frankly, your novel > double wall design did not enter my mind. Thanks > > Now, I need to figure out a way to integrate an adjustable powder plate > and think of a way to include a transparent glass for viewing. > > Keep it coming. I appreciate it. > > > Jojo > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> > *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com > *Cc:* jth...@hotmail.com > *Sent:* Sunday, March 25, 2012 4:41 AM > *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol > > JoJo: > > Sorry for taking so long, but I wanted to think about my response for a > while. > > > > This maybe a lot more feedback then you ever wanted, it so … apologies. > > > > You need not take this following design whole cloth; it is an attempt to > describe some design priorities I think are important. > > > > The vertical cylinder is a good design because it is best to confine high > pressure hydrogen. You cannot find a square hydrogen tank. > > > > Temperature control inside the reactor is important. Your reactor should > include a number of heat zones. Experimentally, it is important to know > how hot each zone gets. If you don’t do this you are flying blind. Without > knowing what is going on inside your reactor in detail, it will be hard to > determine if you are making progress. > > > > The more debugging tools that you can come up with, the more progress you > will make in the long run. > > > > One zone would be close to the spark. Another would be on the powder; > finely, the coldest part of the cylinder (where it contacts the steam) > where condensation of the catalyst might take place. > > I would include a transparent window that lets through visible light and > infrared radiation in your design. Place it in a convenient location on > the surface of the cylinder… maybe at its top… where you can see all or at > least most of these zones. This will allow you to remotely measure their > temperature somehow, say with an infrared thermometer. > > > > Design the experimental reactor so that you can clean the inside of the > window. It is no good having a window if you can’t see through it. > > > > Include a thin walled pipe axially positioned inside the cylinder to act > as a chimney. Hot gas will rise up the pipe to the top of the cylinder, and > then the gas will cool at the top of the cylinder then descend down the > exterior side of the pipe between that exterior pipe wall and the inside > surface of the cylinder. The gas will be further cooled by the inside > surface of the cylinder if its outside surface is in contact with water > and/or steam. > > > > This double wall configuration will establish a strong circular convective > gas flow between hot zones and cold zones. > > > > Place the spark at the bottom of the pipe. Next place the catalyst near > the spark covering the surface of a flat half ring. High heat is needed to > vaporize the catalyst completely. > > > > The catalyst is initially in the form of a hydride and must vaporize. The > flat ring (called the catalyst ring) is located on one side of the wall of > the pipe. It should be positioned so that you can see the spark from the > top of the cylinder. The flat half ring will allow you to see the spark > through the hole in the ring. The spark should produce enough heat to > vaporize the catalyst. > > > > The powder should also be placed on a half ring. This flat ring (called > the powder ring) is located on the other side of the wall of the pipe > opposite the catalyst ring. It should be positioned so that you can see > both the spark and the catalyst ring through the window. This flat half > ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole in the ring. > > > > The powder ring should be adjustable such that the distance from the spark > can be varied. > > > > JoJo Jaro said: *I will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - > ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, > although cesium might be harder to acquire.* > > > > IMHO, the catalyst used should vaporize at least in part or completely. > The operational temperature of your reactor should be high enough to keep > the catalyst vaporized. > > > > For example, the potassium catalyst type reactor should operate at about > 600C. > > > > Put elements that don’t vaporize in with the powder, if you don’t the > catalyst and the powder cannot interact. > > > > Don’t use magnetic fields, they might kill the reaction and be very > careful of radiation exposure. > > > > Don’t exceed safe hydrogen pressures during catalyst hydride vaporization. > > > > Best Regards: Axil > > > > > > > On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 6:59 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: > >> ** >> Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative. >> Thanks. I now have a better understanding. >> >> My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating >> Rydberg matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my >> speculation makes sense. >> >> In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical >> reactor with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The >> high voltage creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a >> specific frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right >> frequency would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I >> am thinking that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough >> Rydberg matter created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly >> create a too high localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel >> powder rendering its nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR >> reactions. I'm thinking the trick is to find out the right amount of >> sparking - enough to create tons of Rydberg matter but not too much to melt >> the nickel nanostructures. It would also be important to design the heat >> and convective flow inside the reactor to properly distribute the heat. >> >> With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at the >> bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto this >> pile would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure due to >> increased localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would explain >> Rossi's quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long till >> the Ni powders would melt. >> >> To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to >> distribute the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the >> nickel powder. I believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT >> Cat" design. If I remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a >> laptop with the reactor itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This >> is essentially two metal plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized >> hydrogen. The nickel is spread out thinly over the surface of the plate. >> He then subjects the plates to high voltage to create sparks. He controls >> the amount of sparks by varying the frequency of the high voltage. If he >> needs more reaction, he increases the frequency of the sparks creating more >> Rydberg matter to catalyze more reactions. If he lowers the amount of >> sparks, he lowers the reaction rate. Spreading the Ni powder would also >> have the effect of spreading the heat thereby minimizing the chances of too >> high localized temperatures. >> >> In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big block >> of steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just like >> Rossi's original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" in >> DGT's test reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT >> minimized the quiescene problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out >> over a longer cylindrical reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short >> and fat, hence his Ni powder would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's >> cylindrical design was longer and thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, >> minimizing quiescense as they claimed. >> >> To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in >> Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate, >> which he calls "RF". >> >> So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think the >> strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst mix >> to sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure that >> there is sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow the >> powder all over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder >> while simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter >> between the Rydberg matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei. >> >> So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent >> mixing. I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will >> have a horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug >> electrode as the high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug >> with an Ignition coil actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output >> of my MF-28 data acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency >> by controlling the rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a >> feedback mechanism to lower the sparking rate if the temperature gets too >> high.) The trick would then be to find the right amount of sparking for >> the highest amount of heat production. To increase chances of success, I >> will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie iron, carbon, >> copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium might be >> harder to acquire. >> >> What do you think of my plan? >> >> Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we >> engineers can build and do the experiments. >> >> Jojo >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> ----- Original Message ----- >> *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> >> *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com >> *Sent:* Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM >> *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >> >> >> Hi Bob, >> >> Much thanks for your interest in this post. >> >> In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… >> so be patient. >> >> I will respond in a series of posts. >> >> Post #1 >> >> Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”. >> >> Axil answers: >> >> Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical compounds >> can take the form of Rydberg matter. >> >> For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’ >> that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg >> matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range >> that Rossi says his reactor operates at. >> >> If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the reactor >> may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based Rydberg matter. >> >> Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons >> occupy, how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?” >> >> >> Axil answers: >> >> This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. >> This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the >> pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, >> coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the >> coulomb barrier of the nickel nuclei. >> >> >> Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface >> of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot >> penetrate inside the nickel grain. >> >> But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of >> the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain >> contributing. >> >> The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion >> reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier >> of the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper >> pair to tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the >> nickel atoms of the lattice to fuse. >> >> Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total volume >> of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. This is >> why the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion technology. >> >> On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing: >> >> “In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider >> this problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout >> the whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To >> answer this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl >> sulfate, UO2SO4) [3].” >> >> The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space of >> the explosion chamber. >> >> This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg >> matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic >> laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters. >> >> >> >> >> (1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a few >> centimeters. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>wrote: >> >>> Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please >>> continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me >>> understand these questions: >>> >>> Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these >>> Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the >>> atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate? >>> >>> With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a >>> phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals >>> would extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates >>> are possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know >>> that the LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to >>> require support from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some >>> kind of condensate effect is needed within the lattice. >>> >>> In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that >>> form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of >>> condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg. >>> >>> The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for >>> the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a >>> condensate from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole >>> provides support for the charge evidence that you described from >>> NanoSpire. Can you explain that a little more? >>> >>> >>> *On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: >>> * >>> >>> Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>>>> >>>>> This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as >>>>> follows: >>>>> >>>>> Cold Fusion Magic Dust >>>>> >>>>> Rydberg matter and cavitation >>>>> >>>> >> >
