*Cesium can be dangerous* *See *
*http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/492-cesium-chromate* *for hazards data* On Sun, Mar 25, 2012 at 1:42 AM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > Creating cesium vapor is easier said than done. > > This way may be the least expensive way to do it. > > http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA524737 > > From this reference on page 60 > > > > Cesium Source Materials > > > > 1. Titanium:Cesium Chromate Dispenser > > > > The first generation UM dispenser cathodes contained a bi-metallic > compound made of titanium powder and cesium chromate (Ti:CrCs2O4) mixed at > a 5:1 ratio and hand pressed into small pellets. At a temperature of 425°C > the chromate reacts with titanium leaving free cesium in the dispenser > cavity. > > > > This may fit in with your design since chromium and titanium are > non-reactive in what you are doing. > > * * > > * * > > > On Sat, Mar 24, 2012 at 5:26 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: > >> ** >> Axil, thanks mucho. You've given me a lot to chew on. This will take me >> a while to intergrate all your design guidelines. These are the kinds of >> design directions that I would like to hear more of. >> >> Already, I've figured out a way to integrate your "double wall" design. >> This was something that did not cross my mind. Your input bringing this to >> my attention is very helpful. I've been struggling a little bit on how to >> improve convection and flow inside the reactor and frankly, your novel >> double wall design did not enter my mind. Thanks >> >> Now, I need to figure out a way to integrate an adjustable powder plate >> and think of a way to include a transparent glass for viewing. >> >> Keep it coming. I appreciate it. >> >> >> Jojo >> >> >> >> >> ----- Original Message ----- >> *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> >> *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com >> *Cc:* jth...@hotmail.com >> *Sent:* Sunday, March 25, 2012 4:41 AM >> *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >> >> JoJo: >> >> Sorry for taking so long, but I wanted to think about my response for a >> while. >> >> >> >> This maybe a lot more feedback then you ever wanted, it so … apologies. >> >> >> >> You need not take this following design whole cloth; it is an attempt to >> describe some design priorities I think are important. >> >> >> >> The vertical cylinder is a good design because it is best to confine high >> pressure hydrogen. You cannot find a square hydrogen tank. >> >> >> >> Temperature control inside the reactor is important. Your reactor should >> include a number of heat zones. Experimentally, it is important to know >> how hot each zone gets. If you don’t do this you are flying blind. Without >> knowing what is going on inside your reactor in detail, it will be hard to >> determine if you are making progress. >> >> >> >> The more debugging tools that you can come up with, the more progress you >> will make in the long run. >> >> >> >> One zone would be close to the spark. Another would be on the powder; >> finely, the coldest part of the cylinder (where it contacts the steam) >> where condensation of the catalyst might take place. >> >> I would include a transparent window that lets through visible light and >> infrared radiation in your design. Place it in a convenient location on >> the surface of the cylinder… maybe at its top… where you can see all or at >> least most of these zones. This will allow you to remotely measure their >> temperature somehow, say with an infrared thermometer. >> >> >> >> Design the experimental reactor so that you can clean the inside of the >> window. It is no good having a window if you can’t see through it. >> >> >> >> Include a thin walled pipe axially positioned inside the cylinder to act >> as a chimney. Hot gas will rise up the pipe to the top of the cylinder, and >> then the gas will cool at the top of the cylinder then descend down the >> exterior side of the pipe between that exterior pipe wall and the inside >> surface of the cylinder. The gas will be further cooled by the inside >> surface of the cylinder if its outside surface is in contact with water >> and/or steam. >> >> >> >> This double wall configuration will establish a strong circular >> convective gas flow between hot zones and cold zones. >> >> >> >> Place the spark at the bottom of the pipe. Next place the catalyst near >> the spark covering the surface of a flat half ring. High heat is needed to >> vaporize the catalyst completely. >> >> >> >> The catalyst is initially in the form of a hydride and must vaporize. The >> flat ring (called the catalyst ring) is located on one side of the wall of >> the pipe. It should be positioned so that you can see the spark from the >> top of the cylinder. The flat half ring will allow you to see the spark >> through the hole in the ring. The spark should produce enough heat to >> vaporize the catalyst. >> >> >> >> The powder should also be placed on a half ring. This flat ring (called >> the powder ring) is located on the other side of the wall of the pipe >> opposite the catalyst ring. It should be positioned so that you can see >> both the spark and the catalyst ring through the window. This flat half >> ring will allow you to see the spark through the hole in the ring. >> >> >> >> The powder ring should be adjustable such that the distance from the >> spark can be varied. >> >> >> >> JoJo Jaro said: *I will be including all elements suggested as catalyst >> - ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, >> although cesium might be harder to acquire.* >> >> >> >> IMHO, the catalyst used should vaporize at least in part or completely. >> The operational temperature of your reactor should be high enough to keep >> the catalyst vaporized. >> >> >> >> For example, the potassium catalyst type reactor should operate at about >> 600C. >> >> >> >> Put elements that don’t vaporize in with the powder, if you don’t the >> catalyst and the powder cannot interact. >> >> >> >> Don’t use magnetic fields, they might kill the reaction and be very >> careful of radiation exposure. >> >> >> >> Don’t exceed safe hydrogen pressures during catalyst hydride vaporization. >> >> >> >> Best Regards: Axil >> >> >> >> >> >> >> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 6:59 PM, Jojo Jaro <jth...@hotmail.com> wrote: >> >>> ** >>> Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative. >>> Thanks. I now have a better understanding. >>> >>> My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating >>> Rydberg matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my >>> speculation makes sense. >>> >>> In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical >>> reactor with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The >>> high voltage creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a >>> specific frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right >>> frequency would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I >>> am thinking that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough >>> Rydberg matter created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly >>> create a too high localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel >>> powder rendering its nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR >>> reactions. I'm thinking the trick is to find out the right amount of >>> sparking - enough to create tons of Rydberg matter but not too much to melt >>> the nickel nanostructures. It would also be important to design the heat >>> and convective flow inside the reactor to properly distribute the heat. >>> >>> With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at >>> the bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto >>> this pile would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure >>> due to increased localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would >>> explain Rossi's quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long >>> till the Ni powders would melt. >>> >>> To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to >>> distribute the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the >>> nickel powder. I believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT >>> Cat" design. If I remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a >>> laptop with the reactor itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This >>> is essentially two metal plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized >>> hydrogen. The nickel is spread out thinly over the surface of the plate. >>> He then subjects the plates to high voltage to create sparks. He controls >>> the amount of sparks by varying the frequency of the high voltage. If he >>> needs more reaction, he increases the frequency of the sparks creating more >>> Rydberg matter to catalyze more reactions. If he lowers the amount of >>> sparks, he lowers the reaction rate. Spreading the Ni powder would also >>> have the effect of spreading the heat thereby minimizing the chances of too >>> high localized temperatures. >>> >>> In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big >>> block of steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just >>> like Rossi's original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" >>> in DGT's test reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT >>> minimized the quiescene problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out >>> over a longer cylindrical reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short >>> and fat, hence his Ni powder would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's >>> cylindrical design was longer and thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, >>> minimizing quiescense as they claimed. >>> >>> To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in >>> Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate, >>> which he calls "RF". >>> >>> So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think >>> the strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst >>> mix to sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure >>> that there is sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow >>> the powder all over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder >>> while simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter >>> between the Rydberg matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei. >>> >>> So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent >>> mixing. I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will >>> have a horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug >>> electrode as the high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug >>> with an Ignition coil actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output >>> of my MF-28 data acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency >>> by controlling the rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a >>> feedback mechanism to lower the sparking rate if the temperature gets too >>> high.) The trick would then be to find the right amount of sparking for >>> the highest amount of heat production. To increase chances of success, I >>> will be including all elements suggested as catalyst - ie iron, carbon, >>> copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium, although cesium might be >>> harder to acquire. >>> >>> What do you think of my plan? >>> >>> Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we >>> engineers can build and do the experiments. >>> >>> Jojo >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> ----- Original Message ----- >>> *From:* Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> >>> *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com >>> *Sent:* Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM >>> *Subject:* Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>> >>> >>> Hi Bob, >>> >>> Much thanks for your interest in this post. >>> >>> In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… >>> so be patient. >>> >>> I will respond in a series of posts. >>> >>> Post #1 >>> >>> Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”. >>> >>> Axil answers: >>> >>> Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical >>> compounds can take the form of Rydberg matter. >>> >>> For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’ >>> that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg >>> matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range >>> that Rossi says his reactor operates at. >>> >>> If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the >>> reactor may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based >>> Rydberg matter. >>> >>> Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons >>> occupy, how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?” >>> >>> >>> Axil answers: >>> >>> This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. >>> This complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the >>> pile of micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, >>> coherent electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the >>> coulomb barrier of the nickel nuclei. >>> >>> >>> Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface >>> of the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot >>> penetrate inside the nickel grain. >>> >>> But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of >>> the pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain >>> contributing. >>> >>> The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion >>> reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier >>> of the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper >>> pair to tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the >>> nickel atoms of the lattice to fuse. >>> >>> Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total >>> volume of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. >>> This is why the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion >>> technology. >>> >>> On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing: >>> >>> “In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider >>> this problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout >>> the whole space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To >>> answer this question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl >>> sulfate, UO2SO4) [3].” >>> >>> The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space >>> of the explosion chamber. >>> >>> This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg >>> matter is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic >>> laser beam that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> (1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a >>> few centimeters. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins >>> <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>wrote: >>> >>>> Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please >>>> continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me >>>> understand these questions: >>>> >>>> Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these >>>> Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the >>>> atom becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate? >>>> >>>> With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a >>>> phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals >>>> would extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates >>>> are possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know >>>> that the LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to >>>> require support from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some >>>> kind of condensate effect is needed within the lattice. >>>> >>>> In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that >>>> form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of >>>> condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg. >>>> >>>> The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for >>>> the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a >>>> condensate from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole >>>> provides support for the charge evidence that you described from >>>> NanoSpire. Can you explain that a little more? >>>> >>>> >>>> *On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com>wrote: >>>> * >>>> >>>> Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol >>>>>> >>>>>> This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as >>>>>> follows: >>>>>> >>>>>> Cold Fusion Magic Dust >>>>>> >>>>>> Rydberg matter and cavitation >>>>>> >>>>> >>> >> >
