(1) We humans understand the semantics of formal system X.
No. This is the root of your problem. For example, replace "formal system X" with "XML". Saying that "We humans understand the semantics of XML" certainly doesn't work and why I would argue that natural language understanding is AGI-complete (i.e. by the time all the RDF, OWL, and other ontology work is completed -- you'll have an AGI). Any formal system can always be extended *within it's defined syntax* to have any meaning. That is the essence of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem.
It's also sort of the basis for my argument with Dr. Matthias Heger. Semantics are never finished except when your model of the world is finished (including all possibilities and infinitudes) so language understanding can't be simple and complete.
Personally, rather than starting with NLP, I think that we're going to need to start with a formal language that is a disambiguated subset of English and figure out how to use our world model/knowledge to translate English to this disambiguated subset -- and then we can build from there. (or maybe this makes Heger's argument for him . . . . ;-)
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