http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/opennlp-sandbox/blob/1f97041b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Fict/73FictZolaE_Germinal_VII2_EN.txt.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Fict/73FictZolaE_Germinal_VII2_EN.txt.txt b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Fict/73FictZolaE_Germinal_VII2_EN.txt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71f43ac --- /dev/null +++ b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Fict/73FictZolaE_Germinal_VII2_EN.txt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Part 7 Chapter 2 ON Sunday Ãtienne escaped from the settlement at nightfall . A very clear sky , sprinkled with stars , lit up the earth with the blue haze of twilight . He went down towards the canal , and followed the bank slowly , in the direction of Marchiennes . It was his favourite walk , a grass-covered path two leagues long , passing straight beside this geometrical water-way , which unrolled itself like an endless ingot of molten silver . He never met any one there . But on this day he was vexed to see a man come up to him . Beneath the pale starlight , the two solitary walkers only recognized each other when they were face to face . " What ! is it you ? " said Ãtienne . Souvarine nodded his head without replying . For a moment they remained motionless , then side by side they set out towards Marchiennes . Each of them seemed to be continuing his own reflections , as though they were far away from each other . " Have you seen in the paper about Pluchart 's success at Paris ? " asked Ãtienne , at length . " After that meeting at Belleville , they waited for him on the pavement , and gave him an ovation . Oh ! he 's afloat now , in spite of his sore throat . He can do what he likes in the future . " The engine-man shrugged his shoulders . He felt contempt for fine talkers , fellows who go into politics as one goes to the bar , to get an income out of phrases . Ãtienne was now studying Darwin . He had read fragments , summarized and popularized in a five-sou volume ; and out of this ill-understood reading he had gained for himself a revolutionary idea of the struggle for existence , the lean eating the fat , the strong people devouring the pallid middle class . But Souvarine furiously attacked the stupidity of the Socialists who accept Darwin , that apostle of scientific inequality , whose famous selection was only good for aristocratic philosophers . His mate persisted , however , wishing to reason out the matter , and expressing his doubts by a n hypothesis : supposing the old society were no longer to exist , swept away to the crumbs ; well , was it not to be feared that the new world would grow up again , slowly spoilt by the same injustices , some sick and others flourishing , some more skilful and intelligent , fattening on everything , and others imbecile and lazy . becoming slaves again ? But before this vision of eternal wretchedness , the engine-man shouted out fiercely that if justice was not possible with man , then man must disappear . For every rotten society there must be a massacre , until the last creature was exterminated . And there was silence again . For a long time , with sunken head , Souvarine walked over the short grass , so absorbed that he kept to the extreme edge , by the water , with the quiet certainty of a sleep-walker on a roof . Then he shuddered causelessly , as though he had stumbled against a shadow . His eyes lifted and his face was very pale ; he said softly to his companion : " Did I ev er tell you how she died ? " " Whom do you mean ? " " My woman , over there , in Russia . " Ãtienne made a vague gesture , astonished at the tremor in his voice and at the sudden desire for confidence in this lad , who was usually so impassive in his stoical detachment from others and from himself . He only knew that the woman was his mistress , and that she had been hanged at Moscow . " The affair had n't gone off , " Souvarine said , with eyes still vacantly following the white stream of the canal between the bluish colonnades of tall trees . " We had been a fortnight at the bottom of a hole undermining the railway , and it was not the imperial train that was blown up , it was a passenger train . Then they arrested Annutchka . She brought us bread every evening , disguised as a peasant woman . She lit the fuse , too , because a man might have attracted attention . I followed the trial , hidden in the crowd , for six days. " His voice became thick , and he coughed as though he wer e choking . " Twice I wanted to cry out , and to rush over the people 's heads to join her . But what was the good ? One man less would be one soldier less ; and I could see that she was telling me not to come , when her large eyes met mine . " He coughed again . " On the last day in the square I was there . It was raining ; they stupidly lost their heads , put out by the falling rain . It took twenty minutes to hang the other four ; the cord broke , they could not finish the fourth . Annutchka was standing up waiting . She could not see me , she was looking for me in the crowd . I got on to a post and she saw me , and our eyes never turned from each other . When she was dead she was still looking at me . I waved my hat ; I came away . " There was silence again . The white road of the canal unrolled to the far distance , and they both walked with the same quiet step as though each had fallen back into his isolation . At the horizon , the pale water seemed to open the sky with a litt le hole of light . " It was our punishment , " Souvarine went on roughly . " We were guilty to love each other . Yes , it is well that she is dead ; heroes will be born from her blood , and I no longer have any cowardice at my heart . Ah ! nothing , neither parents , nor wife , nor friend ! Nothing to make my hand tremble on the day when I must take others ' lives or give up my own . " Ãtienne had stopped , shuddering in the cool night . He discussed no more , he simply said : " We have gone far ; shall we go back ? " They went back towards the Voreux slowly , and he added , after a few paces : " Have you seen the new placards ? " The Company had that morning put up some more large yellow posters . They were clearer and more conciliatory , and the Company undertook to take back the certificates of those miners who went down on the following day . Everything would be forgotten , and pardon was offered even to those who were most implicated . " Yes , I 've seen , " replied the engine -man . " Well , what do you think of it ? " " I think that it 's all up . The flock will go down again . You are all too cowardly . " Ãtienne feverishly excused his mates : a man may be brave , a mob which is dying of hunger has no strength . Step by step they were returning to the Voreux ; and before the black mass of the pit he continued swearing that he , at least , would never go down ; but he could forgive those who did . Then , as the rumour ran that the carpenters had not had time to repair the tubbing , he asked for information . Was it true ? Had the weight of the soil against the timber which formed the internal skirt of scaffolding to the shaft so pushed it in that the winding-cages rubbed as they went down for a length of over fifty metres ? Souvarine , who once more became uncommunicative , replied briefly . He had been working the day before , and the cage did , in fact , jar ; the engine-men had even had to double the speed to pass that spot . But all the bosses rece ived any observations with the same irritating remark : it was coal they wanted ; that could be repaired later on . " You see that is smashing up ! " Ãtienne murmured . " It will be a fine time ! " With eyes vaguely fixed on the pit in the shadow , Souvarine quietly concluded : " If it does smash up , the mates will know it , since you advise them to go down again . " Nine o'clock struck at the Montsou steeple ; and his companion having said that he was going to bed , he added , without putting out his hand : " Well , good-bye . I 'm going away . " " What ! you 're going away ? " " Yes , I 've asked for my certificate back . I 'm going elsewhere . " Ãtienne , stupefied and affected , looked at him . After walking for two hours he said that to him ! And in so calm a voice , while the mere announcement of this sudden separation made his own heart ache . They had got to know each other , they had toiled together ; that always makes one sad , the idea of not seeing a person again . " You 're going away ! And where do you go ? " " Over there--I do n't know at all . " " But I shall see you again ? " " No , I think not . " They were silent and remained for a moment facing each other without finding anything to say . " Then good-bye . " " Good-bye . " While Ãtienne ascended toward the settlement , Souvarine turned and again went along the canal bank ; and there , now alone , he continued to walk , with sunken head , so lost in the darkness that he seemed merely a moving shadow of the night . Now and then he stopped , he counted the hours that struck afar . When he heard midnight strike he left the bank and turned towards the Voreux . At that time the pit was empty , and he only met a sleepy-eyed captain . It was not until two o'clock that they would begin to get up steam to resume work . First he went to take from a cupboard a jacket which he pretended to have forgotten . Various tools--a drill armed with its screw , a small but very strong saw , a hammer , and a c hisel--were rolled up in this jacket . Then he left . But instead of going out through the shed he passed through the narrow corridor which led to the ladder passage . With his jacket under his arm he quietly went down without a lamp , measuring the depth by counting the ladders . He knew that the cage jarred at three hundred and seventy-four metres against the fifth row of the lower tubbing . When he had counted fifty-four ladders he put out his hand and was able to feel the swelling of the planking . It was there . Then , with the skill and coolness of a good workman who has been reflecting over his task for a long time , he set to work . He began by sawing a panel in the brattice so as to communicate with the winding-shaft . With the help of matches , quickly lighted and blown out , he was then able to ascertain the condition of the tubbing and of the recent repairs . Between Calais and Valenciennes the sinking of mine shafts was surrounded by immense difficulties on account of t he masses of subterranean water in great sheets at the level of the lowest valleys . Only the construction of tubbings , frameworks jointed like the stays of a barrel , could keep Out the springs which flow in and isolate the shafts in the midst of the lakes , which with deep obscure waves beat against the walls . It had been necessary in sinking the Voreux to establish two tubbings : that of the upper level , in the shifting sands and white clays bordering the chalky stratum , and fissured in every part , swollen with water like a sponge ; then that of the lower level , immediately above the coal stratum , in a yellow sand as fine as flour , flowing with liquid fluidity ; it was here that the Torrent was to be found , that subterranean sea so dreaded in the coal pits of the Nord , a sea with its storms and its shipwrecks , an unknown and unfathomable sea , rolling its dark floods more than three hundred metres beneath the daylight . Usually the tubbings resisted the enormous pressu re ; the only thing to be dreaded was the piling up of the neighbouring soil , shaken by the constant movement of the old galleries which were filling up . In this descent of the rocks lines of fracture were sometimes produced which slowly extended as far as the scaffolding , at last perforating it and pushing it into the shaft ; and there was the great danger of a landslip and a flood filling the pit with an avalanche of earth and a deluge of springs . Souvarine , sitting astride in the opening he had made , discovered a very serious defect in the fifth row of tubbing . The wood was bellied out from the framework ; several planks had even come out of their shoulder-pieces . Abundant filtrations , pichoux the miners call them , were jetting out of the joints through the tarred oakum with which they were caulked . The carpenters , pressed for time , had been content to place iron squares at the angles , so carelessly that not all the screws were put in . A considerable movement was e vidently going on behind in the sand of the Torrent . Then with his wimble he unscrewed the squares so that another push would tear them all off . It was a foolhardy task , during which he frequently only just escaped from falling headlong down the hundred and eighty metres which separated him from the bottom . He had been obliged to seize the oak guides , the joists along which the cages slid ; and suspended over the void he traversed the length of the cross-beams with which they were joined from point to point , slipping along , sitting down , turning over , simply buttressing himself on an elbow or a knee , with tranquil contempt of death . A breath would have sent him over , and three times he caught himself up without a shudder . First he felt with his hand and then worked , only lighting a match when he lost himself in the midst of these slimy beams . After loosening the screws he attacked the wood itself , and the peril became still greater . He had sought for the key , the p iece which held the others ; he attacked it furiously , making holes in it , sawing it , thinning it so that it lost its resistance ; while through the holes and the cracks the water which escaped in small jets blinded him and soaked him in icy rain . Two matches were extinguished . They all be-came damp and then there was night , the bottomless depth of darkness . From this moment he was seized by rage . The breath of the invisible intoxicated him , the black horror of this rain-beaten hole urged him to mad destruction . He wreaked his fury at random against the tubbing , striking where he could with his wimble , with his saw , seized by the desire to bring the whole thing at once down on his head . He brought as much ferocity to the task as though he had been digging a knife into the skin of some execrated living creature . He would kill the Voreux at last , that evil beast with ever-open jaws which had swallowed so much human flesh ! The bite of his tools could be heard , his spi ne lengthened , he crawled , climbed down , then up again , holding on by a miracle , in continual movement , the flight of a nocturnal bird amid the scaffolding of a belfry . But he grew calm , dissatisfied with himself . Why could not things be done coolly ? Without haste he took breath , and then went back into the ladder passage , stopping up the hole by replacing the panel which he had sawn . That was enough ; he did not wish to raise the alarm by excessive damage which would have been repaired immediately . The beast was wounded in the belly ; we should see if it was still alive at night . And he had left his mark ; the frightened world would know that the beast had not died a natural death . He took his time in methodically rolling up his tools in his jacket , and slowly climbed up the ladders . Then , when he had emerged from the pit without being seen , it did not even occur to him to go and change his clothes . Three o'clock struck . He remained standing on the road waitin g . At the same hour Ãtienne , who was not asleep , was disturbed by a slight sound in the thick night of the room . He distinguished the low breath of the children , and the snoring of Bonnemort and Maheude ; while Jeanlin near him was breathing with a prolonged flute-like whistle . No doubt he had dreamed , and he was turning back when the noise began again . It was the creaking of a palliasse , the stifled effort of someone who is getting up . Then he imagined that Catherine must be ill . " I say , is it you ? What is the matter ? " he asked in a low voice . No one replied , and the snoring of the others continued . For five minutes nothing stirred . Then there was fresh creaking . Feeling certain this time that he was not mistaken , he crossed the room , putting his hands out into the darkness to feel the opposite bed . He was surprised to find the young girl sitting up , holding in her breath , awake and on the watch . " Well ! why do n't you reply ? What are you doing , then ? " At last she said : " I 'm getting up . " " Getting up at this hour ? " " Yes , I 'm going back to work at the pit . " Ãtienne felt deeply moved , and sat down on the edge of the palliasse , while Catherine explained her reasons to him . She suffered too much by living thus in idleness , feeling continual looks of reproach weighing on her ; she would rather run the risk of being knocked about down there by Chaval . And if her mother refused to take her money when she brought it , well ! she was big enough to act for herself and make her own soup . " Go away ; I want to dress . And do n't say anything , will you , if you want to be kind ? " But he remained near her ; he had put his arms round her waist in a caress of grief and pity . Pressed one against the other in their shirts , they could feel the warmth of each other 's naked flesh , at the edge of this bed , still moist with the night 's sleep . She had at first tried to free herself ; then she began to cry quietly , in her turn taking him by the neck to press him against her in a despairing clasp . And they remained , without any further desires , with the past of their unfortunate love , which they had not been able to satisfy . Was it , then , done with for ever ? Would they never dare to love each other some day , now that they were free ? It only needed a little happiness to dissipate their shame--that awkwardness which prevented them from coming together because of all sorts of ideas which they themselves could not read clearly . " Go to bed again , " she whispered . " I do n't want to light up , it would wake mother . It is time ; leave me . " He could not hear ; he was pressing her wildly , with a heart drowned in immense sadness . The need for peace , an irresistible need for happiness , was carrying him away ; and he saw himself married , in a neat little house , with no other ambition than to live and to die there , both of them together . He would be satisfied with bread ; and if there were only enough for one , she should have it . What was the good of anything else ? Was there anything in life worth more ? But she was unfolding her naked arms . " Please , leave me . " Then , in a sudden impulse , he said in her ear : " Wait , I 'm coming with you . " And he was himself surprised at what he had said . He had sworn never to go down again ; whence then came this sudden decision , arising from his lips without thought of his , without even a moment 's discussion ? There was now such calm within him , so complete a cure of his doubts , that he persisted like a man saved by chance , who has at last found the only harbour from his torment . So he refused to listen to her when she became alarmed , understanding that he was devoting himself for her and fearing the ill words which would greet him at the pit . He laughed at everything ; the placards promised pardon and that was enough . " I want to work ; that 's my idea . Let us dress and make no noise . " They dressed themse lves in the darkness , with a thousand precautions . She had secretly prepared her miner 's clothes the evening before ; he took a jacket and breeches from the cupboard ; and they did not wash themselves for fear of knocking the bowl . All were asleep , but they had to cross the narrow passage where the mother slept . When they started , as ill luck would have it , they stumbled against a chair . She woke and asked drowsily : " Eh ! what is it ? " Catherine had stopped , trembling , and violently pressing Ãtienne 's hand . " It 's me ; do n't trouble yourself , " he said . " I feel stifled and am going outside to breathe a bit . " " Very well . " And Maheude fell asleep again . Catherine dared not stir . At last she went down into the parlour and divided a slice of bread-and-butter which she had reserved from a loaf given by a Montsou lady . Then they softly closed the door and went away . Souvarine had remained standing near the Avantage , at the corner of the road . For half an h our he had been looking at the colliers who were returning to work in the darkness , passing by with the dull tramp of a herd . He was counting them , as a butcher counts his beasts at the entrance to the slaughter-house , and he was surprised at their number ; even his pessimism had not foreseen that the number of cowards would have been so great . The stream continued to pass by , and he grew stiff , very cold , with clenched teeth and bright eyes . But he started . Among the men passing by , whose faces he could not distinguish , he had just recognized one by his walk . He came forward and stopped him . " Where are you going to ? " Ãtienne , in surprise , instead of replying , stammered : " What ! you 've not set out yet ! " Then he confessed he was going back to the pit . No doubt he had sworn ; only it could not be called life to wait with folded arms for things which would perhaps happen in a hundred years ; and , besides , reasons of his own had decided him . Souvarine had l istened to him , shuddering . He seized him by the shoulder , and pushed him towards the settlement . " Go home again ; I want you to . Do you understand ? " But Catherine having approached , he recognized her also . Ãtienne protested , declaring that he allowed no one to judge his conduct . And the engine-man 's eyes went from the young girl to her companion , while he stepped back with a sudden , relinquishing movement . When there was a woman in a man 's heart , that man was done for ; he might die . Perhaps he saw again in a rapid vision his mistress hanging over there at Moscow that last link cut from his flesh , which had rendered him free of the lives of others and of his own life . He said simply : " Go . " Ãtienne , feeling awkward , was delaying , and trying to find some friendly word , so as not to separate in this manner . " Then you 're still going ? " " Yes . " " Well , give me your hand , old chap . A pleasant journey , and no ill feeling . " The other stretched out an icy hand . Neither friend nor wife . " Good-bye for good this time . " " Yes , good-bye . " And Souvarine , standing motionless in the darkness , watched Ãtienne and Catherine entering the Voreux . \ No newline at end of file
http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/opennlp-sandbox/blob/1f97041b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Marx/74MarxMarxK_ComMan_01_EN.txt.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Marx/74MarxMarxK_ComMan_01_EN.txt.txt b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Marx/74MarxMarxK_ComMan_01_EN.txt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7b7e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/Marx/74MarxMarxK_ComMan_01_EN.txt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Manifesto of the Communist Party A spectre is haunting Europe â the spectre of communism . All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre : Pope and Tsar , Metternich and Guizot , French Radicals and German police-spies . Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power ? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism , against the more advanced opposition parties , as well as against its reactionary adversaries ? Two things result from this fact : I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power . II . It is high time that Communists should openly , in the face of the whole world , publish their views , their aims , their tendencies , and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself . To this end , Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto , to be published in the English , French , German , Italian , Flemish and Danish languages . I. Bourgeois and Proletarians* The history of all hitherto existing society â is the history of class struggles . Freeman and slave , patrician and plebeian , lord and serf , guild-master â¡ and journeyman , in a word , oppressor and oppressed , stood in constant opposition to one another , carried on an uninterrupted , now hidden , now open fight , a fight that each time ended , either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large , or in the common ruin of the contending classes . In the earlier epochs of history , we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders , a manifold gradation of social rank . In ancient Rome we have patricians , knights , plebeians , slaves ; in the Middle Ages , feudal lords , vassals , guild-masters , journeymen , apprentices , serfs ; in almost all of these classes , again , subordinate gradatio ns . The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms . It has but established new classes , new conditions of oppression , new forms of struggle in place of the old ones . Our epoch , the epoch of the bourgeoisie , possesses , however , this distinct feature : it has simplified class antagonisms . Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps , into two great classes directly facing each other â Bourgeoisie and Proletariat . From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns . From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed . The discovery of America , the rounding of the Cape , opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie . The East-Indian and Chinese markets , the colonisation of America , trade with the colonies , the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally , gave to commerce , to naviga tion , to industry , an impulse never before known , and thereby , to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society , a rapid development . The feudal system of industry , in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds , now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets . The manufacturing system took its place . The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class ; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop . Meantime the markets kept ever growing , the demand ever rising . Even manufacturer no longer sufficed . Thereupon , steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production . The place of manufacture was taken by the giant , Modern Industry ; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial millionaires , the leaders of the whole industrial armies , the modern bourgeois . Modern industry has established the world market , f or which the discovery of America paved the way . This market has given an immense development to commerce , to navigation , to communication by land . This development has , in its turn , reacted on the extension of industry ; and in proportion as industry , commerce , navigation , railways extended , in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed , increased its capital , and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages . We see , therefore , how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development , of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange . Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class . An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility , an armed and self-governing association in the medieval commune* : here independent urban republic ( as in Italy and Germany ) ; there taxable â third estate â of the monarchy ( as in France ) ; afterwards , in the period of manufacturing proper , serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility , and , in fact , cornerstone of the great monarchies in general , the bourgeoisie has at last , since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market , conquered for itself , in the modern representative State , exclusive political sway . The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie . The bourgeoisie , historically , has played a most revolutionary part . The bourgeoisie , wherever it has got the upper hand , has put an end to all feudal , patriarchal , idyllic relations . It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his â natural superiors â , and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest , than callous â cash payment â . It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour , of chivalrous enthusiasm , of philistine sentimentalism , in the icy water of egotistical calculation . It has resolved personal worth into exchange value , and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms , has set up that single , unconscionable freedom â Free Trade . In one word , for exploitation , veiled by religious and political illusions , it has substituted naked , shameless , direct , brutal exploitation . The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe . It has converted the physician , the lawyer , the priest , the poet , the man of science , into its paid wage labourers . The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil , and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation . The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages , which reactionaries so much admire , found its fitting complement in the most s lothful indolence . It has been the first to show what manâs activity can bring about . It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids , Roman aqueducts , and Gothic cathedrals ; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades . The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production , and thereby the relations of production , and with them the whole relations of society . Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form , was , on the contrary , the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes . Constant revolutionising of production , uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions , everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones . All fixed , fast-frozen relations , with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions , are swept away , all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify . All that is solid melts into air , all that is holy is profaned , and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life , and his relations with his kind . The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe . It must nestle everywhere , settle everywhere , establish connexions everywhere . The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country . To the great chagrin of Reactionists , it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood . All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed . They are dislodged by new industries , whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations , by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material , but raw material drawn from the remotest zones ; industr ies whose products are consumed , not only at home , but in every quarter of the globe . In place of the old wants , satisfied by the production of the country , we find new wants , requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes . In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency , we have intercourse in every direction , universal inter-dependence of nations . And as in material , so also in intellectual production . The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property . National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible , and from the numerous national and local literatures , there arises a world literature . The bourgeoisie , by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production , by the immensely facilitated means of communication , draws all , even the most barbarian , nations into civilisation . The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all C hinese walls , with which it forces the barbarians â intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate . It compels all nations , on pain of extinction , to adopt the bourgeois mode of production ; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst , i. e. , to become bourgeois themselves . In one word , it creates a world after its own image . The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns . It has created enormous cities , has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural , and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life . Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns , so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones , nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois , the East on the West . The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population , of the means of production , and of property . It has agglomerated population , centralised the means of production , and has concentrated property in a few hands . The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation . Independent , or but loosely connected provinces , with separate interests , laws , governments , and systems of taxation , became lumped together into one nation , with one government , one code of laws , one national class-interest , one frontier , and one customs-tariff . The bourgeoisie , during its rule of scarce one hundred years , has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together . Subjection of Natureâs forces to man , machinery , application of chemistry to industry and agriculture , steam-navigation , railways , electric telegraphs , clearing of whole continents for cultivation , canalisation of rivers , whole populations conjured out of the ground â what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in th e lap of social labour ? We see then : the means of production and of exchange , on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up , were generated in feudal society . At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange , the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged , the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry , in one word , the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces ; they became so many fetters . They had to be burst asunder ; they were burst asunder . Into their place stepped free competition , accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it , and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class . A similar movement is going on before our own eyes . Modern bourgeois society , with its relations of production , of exchange and of property , a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange , is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells . For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production , against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule . It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial , each time more threateningly . In these crises , a great part not only of the existing products , but also of the previously created productive forces , are periodically destroyed . In these crises , there breaks out an epidemic that , in all earlier epochs , would have seemed an absurdity â the epidemic of over-production . Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism ; it appears as if a famine , a universal war of devas tation , had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence ; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed ; and why ? Because there is too much civilisation , too much means of subsistence , too much industry , too much commerce . The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property ; on the contrary , they have become too powerful for these conditions , by which they are fettered , and so soon as they overcome these fetters , they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society , endanger the existence of bourgeois property . The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them . And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises ? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces ; on the other , by the conquest of new markets , and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones . That is to say , by paving the way for more extensive and mo re destructive crises , and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented . The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself . But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself ; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons â the modern working class â the proletarians . In proportion as the bourgeoisie , i. e. , capital , is developed , in the same proportion is the proletariat , the modern working class , developed â a class of labourers , who live only so long as they find work , and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital . These labourers , who must sell themselves piecemeal , are a commodity , like every other article of commerce , and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition , to all the fluctuations of the market . Owing to the extensive use of machinery , and to the division of labour , the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character , and , consequently , all charm for the workman . He becomes an appendage of the machine , and it is only the most simple , most monotonous , and most easily acquired knack , that is required of him . Hence , the cost of production of a workman is restricted , almost entirely , to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance , and for the propagation of his race . But the price of a commodity , and therefore also of labour , is equal to its cost of production . In proportion , therefore , as the repulsiveness of the work increases , the wage decreases . Nay more , in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases , in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases , whether by prolongation of the working hours , by the increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of machinery , etc. Modern Industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist . Masses of labourers , crowded into the factory , are organised like soldiers . As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants . Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class , and of the bourgeois State ; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine , by the overlooker , and , above all , by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself . The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim , the more petty , the more hateful and the more embittering it is . The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour , in other words , the more modern industry becomes developed , the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women . Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class . All are instruments of labour , more or less expensive to use , according to their age and sex . No soon er is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer , so far , at an end , that he receives his wages in cash , than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie , the landlord , the shopkeeper , the pawnbroker , etc. The lower strata of the middle class â the small tradespeople , shopkeepers , and retired tradesmen generally , the handicraftsmen and peasants â all these sink gradually into the proletariat , partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on , and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists , partly because their specialised skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production . Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population . The proletariat goes through various stages of development . With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie . At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers , then by the workpeople of a factory , then by the operative of one trade , in one locality , against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them . They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production , but against the instruments of production themselves ; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour , they smash to pieces machinery , they set factories ablaze , they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages . At this stage , the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country , and broken up by their mutual competition . If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies , this is not yet the consequence of their own active union , but of the union of the bourgeoisie , which class , in order to attain its own political ends , is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion , and is moreover yet , for a time , able to do so . At this stage , therefore , the proletarians do not fight their enemies , but the enemies of their enemies , the remnants of absolute monarchy , the landowners , the non-industrial bourgeois , the petty bourgeois . Thus , the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie ; every victory so obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie . But with the development of industry , the proletariat not only increases in number ; it becomes concentrated in greater masses , its strength grows , and it feels that strength more . The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised , in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour , and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level . The growing competition among the bourgeois , and the resulting commercial crises , make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating . The increasing improvement of machinery , ever more rapidly developing , makes their livelihood more and more precarious ; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes . Thereupon , the workers begin to form combinations ( Trades â Unions ) against the bourgeois ; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages ; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts . Here and there , the contest breaks out into riots . Now and then the workers are victorious , but only for a time . The real fruit of their battles lies , not in the immediate result , but in the ever expanding union of the workers . This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry , and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another . It was just this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local struggles , all of the same character , into one national struggle between classes . But every class struggle is a political struggle . And that union , to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages , with their miserable highways , required centuries , the modern proletarian , thanks to railways , achieve in a few years . This organisation of the proletarians into a class , and , consequently into a political party , is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves . But it ever rises up again , stronger , firmer , mightier . It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers , by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself . Thus , the ten-hours â bill in England was carried . Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further , in many ways , the course of development of the proletariat . The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle . At first with the aristocracy ; later on , with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself , whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry ; at all time with the bour geoisie of foreign countries . In all these battles , it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat , to ask for help , and thus , to drag it into the political arena . The bourgeoisie itself , therefore , supplies the proletariat with its own elements of political and general education , in other words , it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie . Further , as we have already seen , entire sections of the ruling class are , by the advance of industry , precipitated into the proletariat , or are at least threatened in their conditions of existence . These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress . Finally , in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour , the progress of dissolution going on within the ruling class , in fact within the whole range of old society , assumes such a violent , glaring character , that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift , and joins the revolutionary cla ss , the class that holds the future in its hands . Just as , therefore , at an earlier period , a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie , so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat , and in particular , a portion of the bourgeois ideologists , who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole . Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today , the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class . The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry ; the proletariat is its special and essential product . The lower middle class , the small manufacturer , the shopkeeper , the artisan , the peasant , all these fight against the bourgeoisie , to save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class . They are therefore not revolutionary , but conservative . Nay more , they are reactionary , for they try to roll back the wheel of hi story . If by chance , they are revolutionary , they are only so in view of their impending transfer into the proletariat ; they thus defend not their present , but their future interests , they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat . The â dangerous class â , [ lumpenproletariat ] the social scum , that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society , may , here and there , be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution ; its conditions of life , however , prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue . In the condition of the proletariat , those of old society at large are already virtually swamped . The proletarian is without property ; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family relations ; modern industry labour , modern subjection to capital , the same in England as in France , in America as in Germany , has stripped him o f every trace of national character . Law , morality , religion , are to him so many bourgeois prejudices , behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests . All the preceding classes that got the upper hand sought to fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at large to their conditions of appropriation . The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society , except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation , and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation . They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify ; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for , and insurances of , individual property . All previous historical movements were movements of minorities , or in the interest of minorities . The proletarian movement is the self-conscious , independent movement of the immense majority , in the interest of the immense majority . The proletariat , the lowest stratum of our present society , cannot stir , cannot raise itself up , without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air . Though not in substance , yet in form , the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle . The proletariat of each country must , of course , first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie . In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat , we traced the more or less veiled civil war , raging within existing society , up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution , and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat . Hitherto , every form of society has been based , as we have already seen , on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes . But in order to oppress a class , certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can , at least , continue its slavish existence . The serf , in the period of serfdom , raised himself to membership in the commune , just as the petty bourgeois , under the yoke of the feudal absolutism , managed to develop into a bourgeois . The modern labourer , on the contrary , instead of rising with the process of industry , sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class . He becomes a pauper , and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth . And here it becomes evident , that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society , and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law . It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery , because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state , that it has to feed him , instead of being fed by him . Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie , in other words , its existence is no longer compatible with society . The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation and augmentation of capital ; the condition for capital is wage-labour . Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the labourers . The advance of industry , whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie , replaces the isolation of the labourers , due to competition , by the revolutionary combination , due to association . The development of Modern Industry , therefore , cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products . What the bourgeoisie therefore produces , above all , are its own grave-diggers . Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable . \ No newline at end of file
