Maybe Gabby.

On Mon, Mar 9, 2015 at 8:36 PM, gabbydott <[email protected]> wrote:

> Soul is avoiding the self-evidently wrong? That's it, you mean?
>
> Am Montag, 9. März 2015 schrieb RP Singh <[email protected]>:
>
> Gabby, Allan already has a soul dictionary--- view his sig line.
>>
>> On Mon, Mar 9, 2015 at 8:29 PM, gabbydott <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>> I have defined Allan (Al, if you prefer the short form) as the
>>> intelligent agent who wants to see his idea of Soul sort of fleshed out.
>>> Why not? Building a project glossary is not so unusual. Allan seems to be
>>> most interested so might as well let him start a test ballon in which he
>>> tries to identify his idea of soul in what we say and put his findings in
>>> an extra thread or extra glossary software, if he wishes. We could give him
>>> feedback and make suggestions for alterations and in the end have a product
>>> called "Allan's Soul Dictionary (ASD)" and would all be happy ever after...
>>>
>>> Am Montag, 9. März 2015 schrieb archytas :
>>>
>>>> Of course, one cannot get far in AI without defining what an
>>>> intelligent agent is.  Maybe AI is soul, seeking to free itself from our
>>>> biology or Gabby's stuck time loop?
>>>>
>>>> On Monday, March 9, 2015 at 2:29:39 PM UTC, archytas wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> So could you.  Even my machines have a 'this didn't work before'
>>>>> routine and 'try something else'.  Would a reboot help?
>>>>>
>>>>> On Monday, March 9, 2015 at 2:10:18 PM UTC, Gabby wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But you could help to build a repository of meaningful content for
>>>>>> the soul, at least in our context here. This is what I suggested before. 
>>>>>> If
>>>>>> you want to, I can go back and find that posting for you.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Am Montag, 9. März 2015 schrieb :
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Primate chatter makes more sense.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I have little to no doubt that you can create a program or programs
>>>>>> to mimic human behavior. Hopefully eliminating poor behavior in getting
>>>>>> hung up in endless loops . .. which can be of great advantage.. at the 
>>>>>> same
>>>>>> time it can get trapped in loops from which it can not escape making the
>>>>>> same error endlessly.. another human trait.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Just because you can mimic human thinking and logic flawlessly.  The
>>>>>> real problem is is logic can not create a soul.. probably because so 
>>>>>> little
>>>>>> is known or understood..  to me that is the major problem with Artificial
>>>>>> intelligence.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> تجنب. القتل والاغتصاب واستعباد الآخرين
>>>>>> Avoid; murder, rape and enslavement of others
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -----Original Message-----
>>>>>> From: archytas <[email protected]>
>>>>>> To: [email protected]
>>>>>> Sent: Mon, 09 Mar 2015 1:58 PM
>>>>>> Subject: Re: Mind's Eye Re: Götterdämmerung
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the missing themes in social epistemology is that people might
>>>>>> have already worked out the 'great theory of coerced oppression'
>>>>>> themselves.  The theory then just tells everyone what they knew from
>>>>>> experience.  Huge numbers of people think the stuff naive in the face of
>>>>>> obvious power.  We then kow-tow like dogs in a pack or chimps under the
>>>>>> alpha (a 'political appointee').  Teaching is a kind of suppressing fire 
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> this view.  A lot of biological metaphors make sense here.  Insect
>>>>>> consensus, the ability of parasites in control, leadership bringing sex 
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> huge biological change - and I defy anyone to listen to primate chatter
>>>>>> without recognizing Parliament.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Windows 7 comes in home, professional and ultimate.  Any disk version
>>>>>> you buy actually has all the versions on it and a small bit of program
>>>>>> gives you access to all versions (but you still need the MS product key 
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> activate).  Humans may be held in something like this condition, switched
>>>>>> off from Molly's higher planes.  One sees this all over the plant and
>>>>>> animal world, plus cascade genetics and the managing HOX genes (snakes
>>>>>> could have legs etc) - some developmental switch makes most of the
>>>>>> difference, not the actual genes. Bees can actually reprogram themselves
>>>>>> between nurse and forager.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I do sometimes wonder if we could bring human change by identifying
>>>>>> the micro-organism that rules us, like drunken ants staggering to their
>>>>>> doom at lunar noon under fungal influence!  Habermas ain't the antidote,
>>>>>> though he does tell us someone else has thought some of it through as we
>>>>>> might have guessed.  I think machines can help much more than we admit.
>>>>>> Though we also separate the machines from matters like love and caring 
>>>>>> for
>>>>>> a deaf child.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Monday, March 9, 2015 at 11:18:21 AM UTC, Molly wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cheers, Francis, to all the mad stuff you are doing!
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Sunday, March 8, 2015 at 10:34:26 PM UTC-4, frantheman wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Don't worry, Neil, I haven't sold out and swallowed the academic bait
>>>>>> with hook, line and sinker! There is, as you often and rightly point out,
>>>>>> an immense amount of waffle in the whole academic business, frequently
>>>>>> clothing platitudes, or very small ideas in pages of obfusticating
>>>>>> gobbledegook, all of it referenced with hundreds of footnotes to show
>>>>>> everyone how clever and diligent you are.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But, as I mentioned earlier, I have - after a break of nearly 30
>>>>>> years - once more formally engaged with the academic world, and am just
>>>>>> finishing the first semester of a Masters programme in cultural studies.
>>>>>> However I'm fortunate that I have no great ambitions to make a career out
>>>>>> of it, nor am I compelled to do so. I still work at an honest job to 
>>>>>> make a
>>>>>> living, though I have been able to cut down my working hours to the 
>>>>>> extent
>>>>>> that I now get by with doing eight night-shifts per month, looking after
>>>>>> four chronically seriously ill children. - -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> - - (short pause in writing this to detach a seven year hellion from
>>>>>> her respirator and monitor so that she can go to the bathroom, followed 
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> a discussion in sign-language (she's deaf), making it clear to her that 
>>>>>> she
>>>>>> must go back to sleep as it's only two thirty in the morning and she has 
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> go to school tomorrow. She may have many health issues, but for all that
>>>>>> she's a typical seven year old, with an infinite capacity for negotiation
>>>>>> about stuff she doesn't feel like doing) - -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> - - Furthermore, I am immensely fortunate to live in a country where
>>>>>> third level education - at state universities (and the *Fernuniversität
>>>>>> Hagen <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FernUniversit%C3%A4t_Hagen> *is
>>>>>> a fully recognised state university on the Open University model) is 
>>>>>> nearly
>>>>>> completely free - it costs me € 300 per semester ... read it and weep,
>>>>>> American readers! Now that my daughters are independently earning their 
>>>>>> own
>>>>>> living,I've no one to look after except myself, which makes it all
>>>>>> financially possible without having to go into horrific debt or live on
>>>>>> bread and water in an unheated garret.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cultural Studies is an unusual beast. It was invented around thirty
>>>>>> to forty years ago by Literature Departments to stave off their widely
>>>>>> perceived danger of drifting into terminal irrelevance and extinction. In
>>>>>> Hagen it's organised jointly by the (German) Literature Department and 
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> History Department (which identifies strongly with a sociological
>>>>>> approach <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld_School> to history
>>>>>> and regards Max Weber as being only marginally inferior to God). As 
>>>>>> someone
>>>>>> embarking on this intellectual journey, I do feel a certain need to try 
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> identify my own particular standpoint with respect to all the diverse
>>>>>> intellectual/academic directions, currents, schools and outlooks which 
>>>>>> one
>>>>>> encounters in this area. All the more so as the specific subject of the
>>>>>> Masters programme glories in the title "European Modernity." Sort of,
>>>>>> "everything you wanted to know about the past two hundred and fifty years
>>>>>> but were afraid to ask ... or answer."
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The more I read in this whole area, the more I find myself being
>>>>>> stimulated and excited by the various *turns *in postmodernist
>>>>>> thinking. Lyotard's scepticism regarding metanarratives (which you
>>>>>> mentioned) echoes with me, as does a lot of stuff that Frederic Jameson
>>>>>> writes - his analyses of particular works of modern architecture are 
>>>>>> great.
>>>>>> Of course there's an awful lot of pretentious academic wanking around 
>>>>>> too,
>>>>>> but at the moment I'm still at the stage of enjoying having my mind and
>>>>>> concepts extended. If only there weren't such annoying things such as 
>>>>>> exams
>>>>>> and reaserch papers (I'm currently trying to finish one on the
>>>>>> protoindustrial development of the textile industry in the Duchy of
>>>>>> Berg <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisches_Land> from 1700 to
>>>>>> 1820 ... yawn!), but that's the price I have to pay for getting formally
>>>>>> involved in the academic business once more.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Of course I'm not going to save the world with any of this, but there
>>>>>> is a great feeling of liberation in studying just for fun. And I can now
>>>>>> once more officially regard myself as a student, which means I don't have
>>>>>> to get up early in the morning if I don't feel like it. And maybe do all
>>>>>> kinds of other mad stuff ...
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Am Sonntag, 8. März 2015 13:07:42 UTC+1 schrieb archytas:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I suppose the collected works of Habermas and Luhmann would be about
>>>>>> the size of a big wardrobe.  I am not a believer, though find Habermas 
>>>>>> very
>>>>>> tempting,  "Descartes" (thought of in a long line that might include 
>>>>>> Molly
>>>>>> and Orn) is about the pursuit of truth and this continues in social
>>>>>> epistemology, dropping the solus ipse to a considerable extent - we
>>>>>> certainly no longer hew to rigid introspectionism - though we can ask 
>>>>>> 'did
>>>>>> we ever'?  Molly and Orn don't work as people like that, though stand up
>>>>>> well as examples of people trying for something I have deep respect for
>>>>>> (there are some key epistemic issues in this - resolvable I think in 
>>>>>> terms
>>>>>> of people who want peace and justice).
>>>>>>
>>>>>> "Whereas Descartes thought that truth should be pursued only by the
>>>>>> proper conduct of "reason," specifically, the doxastic agent's own 
>>>>>> reason,
>>>>>> social epistemology acknowledges what everyone except a radical skeptic
>>>>>> will admit, namely, that quests for truth are commonly influenced, for
>>>>>> better or for worse, by institutional arrangements that massively affect
>>>>>> what doxastic agents hear (or fail to hear) from others. To maximize
>>>>>> prospects for successful pursuits of truth, this variable cannot sensibly
>>>>>> be neglected."
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This paragraph could do with some Chris-style 'stripping for
>>>>>> translation'!  Doxastic agents!  It is surely 'bleedin' obvious' we are
>>>>>> people of cultures.  At risk of Gabby's wrath, I will mention again these
>>>>>> cultures are Bacon's Idols.  Feminism is a good example of a social
>>>>>> epistemology in bringing out the male domination of control fraud
>>>>>> knowledge.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The message, eventually, after reading several wardrobes,, is that we
>>>>>> are largely being being had through culturally transmitted control 
>>>>>> frauds.
>>>>>> The questions really concern how we could do something better and how we
>>>>>> can tell people they are being conned (a very difficult matter).  Debates
>>>>>> on epistemology that people can't understand, framed in academic ways of
>>>>>> making livings, involving complex literacy and numeracy, hardly form
>>>>>> anything easily translatable - the ways of making academic livings also
>>>>>> control frauds.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> If one looks at a small area like forensic science, where on might
>>>>>> assume well understood science would produce easily translatable facts, 
>>>>>> we
>>>>>> get a lot of human corruption.  The proper function of forensic science 
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> to extract the truth. This function, unfortunately, is not well served by
>>>>>> current practice. Saks et al. (2001: 28) write: "As it is practised 
>>>>>> today,
>>>>>> forensic science does not extract the truth reliably. Forensic science
>>>>>> expert evidence that is erroneous (that is, honest mistakes) and 
>>>>>> fraudulent
>>>>>> (deliberate misrepresentation) has been found to be one of the major
>>>>>> causes, and perhaps the leading cause, of erroneous convictions of 
>>>>>> innocent
>>>>>> persons." One rogue scientist engaged in rampant falsification for 15
>>>>>> years, and another faked more than 100 autopsies on unexamined bodies and
>>>>>> falsified dozens of toxicology and blood reports (Kelly and Wearne 1998;
>>>>>> Koppl 2006, Other Internet Resources). Shocking cases are found in more
>>>>>> than one country.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Kelly, J. F. and Wearne, P. (1998), Tainting Evidence: Inside the
>>>>>> Scandals at the FBI Crime Lab, New York: The Free Press.
>>>>>> Koppl, Roger (2005), "Epistemic Systems," Episteme: A Journal of
>>>>>> Social Epistemology, 2 (2): 91–106.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> We are affected by this in very practical ways.  My contention is
>>>>>> most of the problems could be brought to obvious light.  We are 'allowed'
>>>>>> the epistemological, but not practical action.  Francis' hammock is in 
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> right place, the metaphor replete with the quiescence involved in framing
>>>>>> oneself as an academic (which Francis obviously isn't in the best sense I
>>>>>> can mean that).  I once 'fitted up' a paedophile for other crimes - he 
>>>>>> had
>>>>>> committed them, so technically it wasn't a fit up.  The institutional and
>>>>>> legal barriers were too big to fight and still are.  It got him off the
>>>>>> streets for a couple of years, though he continued after release.  Ugly 
>>>>>> Ray
>>>>>> Terret has just been retrospectively convicted and given 25 years.  One
>>>>>> might think we could address the issues of social epistemology through
>>>>>> practical examples everyone can grasp.  Indeed, Kopl tries.  Yet the
>>>>>> ideologies of soaked-up knowledge, various COWDUNGS (conventional wisdoms
>>>>>> of dominant groups) make this an act of heretic courage.  There are still
>>>>>> people who can't take the idea that, say, if born in the Muslim world 
>>>>>> they
>>>>>> would be Muslim.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In the West we are dominated by neo-liberalism and economic blather.
>>>>>> Even if we vote to change this, as the Greeks just have, what can any
>>>>>> politicians do confronted with the 'smoke filled rooms' they enter off 
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> corridors of power with warnings that anything other than austerity will
>>>>>> lead to disaster?  Economics is largely a lie through which dominance is
>>>>>> exerted and the West (now largely under the US military umbrella) 'stays
>>>>>> ahead' - and who sensibly would not want this shield against even worse
>>>>>> domination from elsewhere?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There have been people talking about positive money, democratic
>>>>>> foreign policy and radical democracy for more than 100 years.  Yet in
>>>>>> politics we get to vote for main parties making jawbs-groaf promises 
>>>>>> within
>>>>>> neo-liberalism, corrupt banking and utterly false notions on how growth 
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> achieved and what it should be.  The real dialogue is made invisible, and
>>>>>> Francis' hammock, if right in immanent academic consideration, is part of
>>>>>> bearing witness before the crash.  I'm not suggesting Francis is doing 
>>>>>> this
>>>>>>
>>>>>> We need to think global and beyond.  Yet look what globalisation has
>>>>>> done so far and what we fear leaders will do whatever they spout.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Sunday, March 8, 2015 at 2:35:19 AM UTC, frantheman wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sheldon Cooper of *The Big Bang Theory *justifies his claim always
>>>>>> to be right thus: "If I were wrong I would know it!"
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Am Sonntag, 8. März 2015 02:25:40 UTC+1 schrieb frantheman:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>  What a wonderful overview, Neil! I envy your capacity to cook down
>>>>>> the huge amount of controversy involving epistemology, sociology, 
>>>>>> ideology,
>>>>>> modernism and post-modernism into a few comprehensible paragraphs.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Personally, I find myself suspended between the kind of modernism
>>>>>> proposed by Habermas and the various post-modernist critiques of it. Not
>>>>>> always an easy (or consistent) position, I'm trying to figure out a way 
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> construct a hammock on the basis of this suspension which allows me to
>>>>>> comfortably swing from one to the other as I please. And didn't someone
>>>>>> once comment that consistency is the privilege of small minds?
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> If critical theory has established anything, it's that the old
>>>>>> metaphysical arguments about ontology and "das Ding in sich" are just a
>>>>>> waste of time. We can't ultimately get out of our skins; our knowledge is
>>>>>> *human *knowledge, worked out and communicated in *human *terms, and
>>>>>> as such it will always have a cultural and societal framework. Such
>>>>>> frameworks are dynamic, interacting with each other, growing, changing 
>>>>>> ...
>>>>>> organic really - which is no wonder, given that humans are organic 
>>>>>> beings.
>>>>>> "Pure" rationality is a chimera, because as humans we can only think in
>>>>>> human categories. Should we ever encounter aliens, I suspect that the
>>>>>> intercommunication would be difficult, frustrating and endlessly
>>>>>> fascinating, because they might very well structure their thinking
>>>>>> according to other categories (that's why they can travel faster than
>>>>>> light, by the way, their way of doing logic doesn't see the problem of 
>>>>>> *e=mc2
>>>>>> – *they just take the interdimensional back-way through their
>>>>>> granny’s garden. That is if we don’t kill them first, or they run away 
>>>>>> from
>>>>>> us in horror to call the inter-stellar exterminators to come and deal 
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> us because we’re not fit to be let loose on civilized galactic society).
>>>>>> And, of course, one of the major – perhaps *the *major
>>>>>> characteristic of the inevitable human context of our knowledge is 
>>>>>> language.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Habermas is wonderfully attractive in his appeal for reasonable and
>>>>>> reasoned discourse on societal issues - this conviction that it is 
>>>>>> possible
>>>>>> through dialogue and mutual understanding to reach conclusions which will
>>>>>> actually make things better. In the end, of course, he's a good
>>>>>> old-fashioned bourgeois liberal who believes in "progress". The problem
>>>>>> with him is that he is convinced that his position (and the post-WWII
>>>>>> western German society in which he lived in, and which he has worked on
>>>>>> forming all his adult life) is the *superior *position (as I said
>>>>>> before - typical German philosopher). I become ever more suspicious of
>>>>>> people who *know *that they're right - and that everyone else is
>>>>>> consequently less right - or to put it more bluntly, *wrong.*
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This is where the post-modernists gleefully point their fingers at
>>>>>> him. Denying others absolute truth, he implicitly and pragmatically 
>>>>>> claims
>>>>>> it for himself. (It’s also why he can’t stand them!) On the other hand, 
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> various post-modernist *turns *run the risk (and are repeatedly
>>>>>> accused) of falling into complete *laissez-faire *multi-culti,
>>>>>> anything-goes relativism. If our truth-values – to which our moral values
>>>>>> belong – are societally, historically and culturally conditioned, what
>>>>>> right do I have to claim my moral values are better than yours? Weren’t 
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> niggers better off as slaves on the plantation, being looked after by a
>>>>>> kind and paternalistic massa, than being condemned to living a constant
>>>>>> life of danger, deprivation, drugs and depression in some run-down 
>>>>>> project
>>>>>> in contemporary decrepit Detroit? Or let’s not even bother with spurious
>>>>>> justifications, let’s go all the way to social Darwinism; the strong do 
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> they will, and the weak suffer as they must. As it was in the beginning, 
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> now, and ever shall be, world without end, Amen.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> So, at the moment, this is where I find myself intellectually at the
>>>>>> moment, gently swinging in my hammock between these two positions.
>>>>>> Descartes may have found his answer to doubt in his own affirmation of 
>>>>>> his
>>>>>> self-cognitive rationality (though Dan Dennett
>>>>>> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained> believes he
>>>>>> can define this out of existence), but it’s still a big step to the
>>>>>> conviction of the ultimate *rightness *of the particular positions
>>>>>> one espouses. Maybe the recognition of the conditionality of our own
>>>>>> premises, and the openness to the possibility of their correctibility –
>>>>>> while not automatically offering them up as being completely conjectural
>>>>>> and relative - is the real prerequisite for meaningful discourse. Or as
>>>>>> Oliver Cromwell (normally not someone over-inclined to questioning his 
>>>>>> own
>>>>>> righteousness) once asked the Assembly of the Church of Scotland, “I
>>>>>> beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be
>>>>>> mistaken!”  Of course, that still leaves the question open; how can you
>>>>>> even begin to discuss with people who *know *they’re right?
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Am Samstag, 7. März 2015 12:54:02 UTC+1 schrieb archytas:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Good to see you too Don.  I'm not much into the nuances of
>>>>>> translation stuff, partly because I lack Gabby's skills and Francis'
>>>>>> patience.  There are many versions of Chris' 'make the language simple
>>>>>> enough for translation' angle - one here is called the 'Crystal Method' 
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> is taught to our bullshit bureaucrats, so they can confuse us with 
>>>>>> smaller
>>>>>> words.  We scientists got the 'Fog Index', screwed as soon as you use an
>>>>>> equation or start talking about attribution tests and extreme value
>>>>>> analysis.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I see another kind of 'translation'.  Habermas is actually quite easy
>>>>>> compared with other Germans like Gunter Ludwig on how scientific theories
>>>>>> come about.  Russell and Whitehead wrote three volumes on why one and one
>>>>>> make two and, eventually, were wrong.  Things get relative when we try to
>>>>>> ground stuff in origin (I was told to remove the word 'stuff' from my
>>>>>> thesis as it was too common a word).  I translate this complex social 
>>>>>> stuff
>>>>>> into a long line of philosophical effort.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There is no 'start' or 'origin'.  If I mention the pre-Socratics and
>>>>>> the pyrrhonists, I know they were much influenced from Persia and India.
>>>>>> They at least knew argument can nearly always be made in several 
>>>>>> different
>>>>>> ways that are very difficult to choose between.  One gets a line from 
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> stuff to Descartes and that 'I am thinking therefore I am' stuff - I'm 
>>>>>> more
>>>>>> of an I woke up and am still here bloke.  Socrates and Bacon more or less
>>>>>> said public opinion ain't worth shit and Descartes continued this in
>>>>>> radical doubt, supposedly grounded on not being able to deny one's own
>>>>>> presence.  Actually, there being thoughts does not imply a thinker, and 
>>>>>> if
>>>>>> you doubt everything you are, in fact, doubting nothing and have made 
>>>>>> doubt
>>>>>> into something that can't ground itself.  Wittgenstein eventually says we
>>>>>> have been arguing over the same terrain for centuries, not resolved
>>>>>> anything and thus must be bewitched by the language we are using.  So we
>>>>>> should know more about language.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This turns into what we now call social epistemology, away from the
>>>>>> individual introspective sole thinker to something more social.  Marx is 
>>>>>> a
>>>>>> classic example and the discipline of sociology.  One can split this in
>>>>>> many ways, though the standard differences are as follows:
>>>>>> " The classical approach could be realized in at least two forms. One
>>>>>> would emphasize the traditional epistemic goal of acquiring true beliefs.
>>>>>> It would study social practices in terms of their impact on the
>>>>>> truth-values of agents' beliefs. A second version of the classical 
>>>>>> approach
>>>>>> would focus on the epistemic goal of having justified or rational 
>>>>>> beliefs.
>>>>>> Applied to the social realm, it might concentrate, for example, on when a
>>>>>> cognitive agent is justified or warranted in accepting the statements and
>>>>>> opinions of others. Proponents of the anti-classical approach have little
>>>>>> or no use for concepts like truth and justification. In addressing the
>>>>>> social dimensions of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ...
>>>>>
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