To be potically correct ;-)  :   * Arduino  *is not a micocontroller, its 
just a simplification of programming language. Mostly "Arduino" projects 
are running on Atmega MCU's from Atmel, but Arduino can also run on 
ESP8266, Atmel ARM and even som ST STM32.

I think the modern microcontrollers are mostly the same level for hobbyist 
and most commercial application. To switch a few leds or control a display 
any modern MCU will do the job. Its either a question of knowledge and 
infrastrcuture. If your company used Atmel for the last 10 years, its pricy 
to change to ST or so. 

About the "Arduinos" or Ardunio with own design:

I really like it, since it takes a part of programming away. Arduino was 
designed for people who don't see programming or even electronics as their 
main hobby. Alot of people like to do stuff with lights (e.g. for Art 
projects) or other parts. Getting familiar with electronics can be a 
challenging hobby itself. The Arduino Language can be learned very fast, 
and the support is really great, even for beginners. You can get an anwer 
in the arduino forum even for the most simple (or hard for someone) 
questions. Try ask Microchip or ST Forums for "how to turn a led on" - you 
either get ignored,removed or people make fun out of you. 

I have a friend which is 15 years old, shes choose electronics as a 
voluntary school course. They get pretty cool projects to work in just a 
half year. I remember when i had to learn PIC programming for mandatory 
school, and we were learning just all the commands for weeks without doing 
anything usefull, or filling 2 pages with instructions just to blink a led. 
So arduino is just a good thing to "lure" people to programming, if you get 
a easy start you might be more motivated to learn more complex things. Also 
a arduino can be plugged to usb and you can start right away! No fancy 
debugger tools :-).  

On the downside, arduino is just a performance killer, if you take a look 
at "digitalWrite" as a professional, its just a waste of processor speed 
and code. And if you want to get arduino running on a custom chip, you will 
be on your own.


My main MCU's are the Atmega328p (QFP & DIP) , ESP8266 and newly STM32

The ATmegas are cool because they run native with arduino, and there is 
still a DIP Model available which is just great if you want quickly test 
something - try to place a QFP in your breadboard :)
ESP8266 is wonderfull because its really cheap and brings wifi on its own...

I'm currently starting to learn STM32 (ARM), because i for my other 
projects the Atmega328 has just to few pins or is just too slow. But for 
nixie projects where time is not that critical the Atmega is still my 
favourite. But for like building a gamma spectrometer the chip will run out 
of speed, memory and power.

As far as i know, ARM (STM32, NXP, etc) can be programmed mostly the same.  
Also the STM32 IDE's bring debugging features that can be really time 
saving if you just can place a breakpoint where you think there is a 
problem. If you have a very big code on arduino (like 10 A4 Pages) you will 
search for hours for errors. 

STM32 also offers quite nice evaluation boards (with displays) which can be 
used to save on custom PCB's ...

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