orang itu, dia, doski, do'i, dll..

On Mon, Aug 23, 2010 at 10:20 AM, rizki <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
> beliau ?
>
> On Mon, Aug 23, 2010 at 9:42 AM, Athena <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> yoi, dia pake BING!
>>
>> ya memang beliau rada eksentrik sih :|
>> tapi tetep aja setelah adegan itu, adegan2 berikutnya jadi rada kurang keren 
>> heheheh
>> 2010/8/23 冴羽獠 (Ryo Saeba) <[email protected]>
>>>
>>>
>>> tapi gak buka google.
>>>
>>> On Sun, Aug 22, 2010 at 10:51 PM, Athena <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> sherlock holmes-nya pake internet explorer :(
>>>> *salah fokus*
>>>>
>>>> 2010/8/22 冴羽獠 (Ryo Saeba) <[email protected]>
>>>> >
>>>> >
>>>> > malah makin bingung. di wiki pun nggak ada beda yang jelas. intinya 
>>>> > adalah, mereka bisa membedakan mana yang benar dan mana yang salah, they 
>>>> > just don't care.
>>>> >
>>>> > Portrait of a sociopath
>>>> >
>>>> > From Craig, M., Catani, M., Deeley, Q., Latham, R., Daly, E., Kanaan, 
>>>> > R., Picchioni, M., McGuire, P., Fahy, T., & Murphy, D. (2009). Altered 
>>>> > connections on the road to psychopathy Molecular Psychiatry, 14 (10), 
>>>> > 946-953 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.40
>>>> >
>>>> > The manipulative con-man. The guy who lies to your face, even when he 
>>>> > doesn’t have to. The child who tortures animals. The cold-blooded 
>>>> > killer. Psychopaths are characterised by an absence of empathy and poor 
>>>> > impulse control, with a total lack of conscience. About 1% of the total 
>>>> > population can be defined as psychopaths, according to a detailed 
>>>> > psychological profile checklist. They tend to be egocentric, callous, 
>>>> > manipulative, deceptive, superficial, irresponsible and parasitic, even 
>>>> > predatory. The majority of psychopaths are not violent and many do very 
>>>> > well in jobs where their personality traits are advantageous and their 
>>>> > social tendencies tolerated. However, some have a predisposition to 
>>>> > calculated, “instrumental” violence; violence that is cold-blooded, 
>>>> > planned and goal-directed. Psychopaths are vastly over-represented among 
>>>> > criminals; it is estimated they make up about 20% of the inmates of most 
>>>> > prisons. They commit over half of all violent crimes and are 3-4 times 
>>>> > more likely to re-offend. They are almost entirely refractory to 
>>>> > rehabilitation. These are not nice people.
>>>> >
>>>> > So how did they get that way? Is it an innate biological condition, a 
>>>> > result of social experience, or an interaction between these factors? 
>>>> > Longitudinal studies have shown that the personality traits associated 
>>>> > with psychopathy are highly stable over time. Early warning signs 
>>>> > including “callous-unemotional traits” and antisocial behaviour can be 
>>>> > identified in childhood and are highly predictive of future psychopathy. 
>>>> > Large-scale twin studies have shown that these traits are highly 
>>>> > heritable – identical twins, who share 100% of their genes, are much 
>>>> > more similar to each other in this trait than fraternal twins, who share 
>>>> > only 50% of their genes. In one study, over 80% of the variation in the 
>>>> > callous-unemotional trait across the population was due to genetic 
>>>> > differences. In contrast, the effect of a shared family environment was 
>>>> > almost nil. Psychopathy seems to be a lifelong trait, or combination of 
>>>> > traits, which are heavily influenced by genes and hardly at all by 
>>>> > social upbringing.
>>>> >
>>>> > The two defining characteristics of psychopaths, blunted emotional 
>>>> > response to negative stimuli, coupled with poor impulse control, can 
>>>> > both be measured in psychological and neuroimaging experiments. Several 
>>>> > studies have found decreased responsiveness of the amygdala to fearful 
>>>> > or other negative stimuli in psychopaths. They do not seem to process 
>>>> > heavily loaded emotional words, like “rape”, for example, any 
>>>> > differently from how they process neutral words, like “table”. This lack 
>>>> > of response to negative stimuli can be measured in other ways, such as 
>>>> > the failure to induce a galvanic skin response (heightened skin 
>>>> > conduction due to sweating) when faced with an impending electrical 
>>>> > shock. Psychopaths have also been found to underactivate limbic 
>>>> > (emotional) regions of the brain during aversive learning, correlating 
>>>> > with an insensitivity to negative reinforcement. The psychopath really 
>>>> > just doesn’t care. In this, psychopaths differ from many people who are 
>>>> > prone to sudden, impulsive violence, in that those people tend to have a 
>>>> > hypersensitive negative emotional response to what would otherwise be 
>>>> > relatively innocuous stimuli.
>>>> >
>>>> > What these two groups have in common is poor impulse control. This 
>>>> > faculty relies on the part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, 
>>>> > most particularly the orbitofrontal cortex. It is known that lesions to 
>>>> > this part of the brain impair planning, prediction of consequences, and 
>>>> > inhibition of socially unacceptable behaviour – the cognitive mechanisms 
>>>> > of “free won’t”, rather than free will. This brain region is also 
>>>> > normally activated by aversive learning, and this activation is also 
>>>> > reduced in psychopaths. In addition, both the prefrontal cortex and the 
>>>> > amygdala show substantial average reductions in size in psychopaths, 
>>>> > suggesting a structural difference in their brains.
>>>> >
>>>> > These findings have now been united by a recent study that directly 
>>>> > analysed connectivity between these two regions. Using diffusion tensor 
>>>> > imaging (see post of August 31st 2009), Craig and colleagues found that 
>>>> > a measure of the integrity of the axonal tract connecting these two 
>>>> > regions, called the uncinate fasciculus, was significantly reduced in 
>>>> > psychopaths. Importantly, connectivity of these regions to other parts 
>>>> > of the brain was normal. These data thus suggest a specific disruption 
>>>> > of the network connecting orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala in 
>>>> > psychopaths, the degree of which correlated strongly with the subjects’ 
>>>> > scores on the psychopathy checklist.
>>>> >
>>>> > All of these findings are pointing to a picture of psychopathy as an 
>>>> > innate, genetically driven difference in connectivity between parts of 
>>>> > the brain that normally drive empathy, conscience and impulse control. 
>>>> > Not a fault necessarily, and not something that could be classified as a 
>>>> > disease or that is always a disadvantage. At a certain frequency in the 
>>>> > population, the traits of psychopathy may be highly advantageous to the 
>>>> > individual.
>>>> >
>>>> > This conclusion has serious ethical and legal implications. Could a 
>>>> > psychopath mount a legal defense by saying “my brain made me do it”? Or 
>>>> > my “genes made me do it”? Is this any different from saying my rotten 
>>>> > childhood made me do it? Psychopaths know right from wrong – they just 
>>>> > don’t care. That is what society calls “bad”, not “mad”. But if they are 
>>>> > constitutionally incapable of caring, can they really be blamed for it? 
>>>> > On the other hand, if violent psychopaths are a continuing danger to 
>>>> > society and completely refractory to rehabilitation, what is to be done 
>>>> > with them? Perhaps, as has been proposed in the UK, people with the 
>>>> > extreme psychopathic personality profile (or maybe in the near future 
>>>> > even a specific genetic profile?) should be monitored or segregated even 
>>>> > before they commit a crime.
>>>> >
>>>> > While it is crucial that these debates are informed by good science, 
>>>> > these issues have no clear-cut answers. They will be resolved on a 
>>>> > pragmatic basis, weighing the behaviour that society is willing to 
>>>> > tolerate versus the rights of the individual, whatever their brains look 
>>>> > like, to define their own moral standards.
>>>> >
>>>> > --
>>>> > http://ryosaeba.wordpress.com/2010/08/16/membedah-artikel-jiplakan-di-koran-anak-indonesia/
>>>> >
>>>> >
>>>> >
>>>> >
>>>>
>>>>
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>>>
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>>>
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