On Jul 29, 2007, at 8:34 AM, Michel Jullian wrote:
a deuteron has no electron of course
Actually a deuteron does have an associated electron, even in the
lattice. The electron and deuteron are considered to be "ionically
bound" in the lattice. When a deuteron as adsorbed at the face of
the cathode, it is bound to a free conduction band electron already
there in the cathode surface, and, in my opinion, a likely initial
locus of the deuteron when tunneling through its orbital shell. This
ionic bonding greatly restricts that electron's wave function. It
also reduces the potential of the cathode, i.e. the electron fugacity
of the cathode, and results in an electron current to the cathode.
Loading of the cathode requires current above that required for the
evolved gas. The cell current has to accommodate both the evolved
plus adsorbed hydrogen.
The ionically bound electrons are no longer fully conduction band
electrons. As loading completes, the conduction bands are frozen and
conductivity diminishes. Cathode conductivity is in fact the measure
commonly used to estimate loading, though this has been correlated
with and confirmed by other methods, like neutron and x-ray
scattering. The volume of electron quantum waveforms in fully loaded
cathodes is unusually small (i.e. the probability density is high).
In a fully loaded lattice the ionically bound electron has no room
for a full orbital about the deuteron. The ionically bound electron
occupies what has been characterized as a "partial orbital", where
the probability of conduction band existence and orbital existence is
split. It has been my contention that the application of extreme
magnetic fields, which in ordinary atoms produce fuzzy non-quantum
like electron existences at extreme ranges from the nucleus, may do
the opposite for partial orbital electrons. These extreme orbitals
in ordinary hydrogen in strong magnetic fields are called Rydberg
orbitals. The probability density for electrons being close to the
nucleus increases dramatically for Rydberg orbitals. Similar
effects exist for strong electrostatic fields.
Much of the above can be confirmed using references like *Hydrogen in
Metals III*, Springer Verlag, 1997, ISBN 0303-4216, ISBN 3-540-61639-X.
In the case of partial orbitals, given the conduction band existence
is energetically suppressed, the close-to-the-deuteron portion of the
wave function may take on the non-quantum like characteristics via
wave function collapse.
When loading reaches completion, some lattice sites can and do
contain two or more deuterons. These sites therefor also contain
within them dense wave functions of the partial orbitals of the
ionically bound electrons. My contention has been that a 2 way or 3
way tunneling event becomes likely, resulting in a 3 way or 4 way
wave function collapse.
The following post may clarify some of the concepts and also provides
a proof of concept experiment, which in my opinion should be done for
scientific purposes.
On Dec 28, 2005, at 12:46 PM, Horace Heffner wrote:
BACKGROUND
The focus of prior designs utilizing electron pair condensates
(see: <http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/ElectPairs.pdf>) was the
creation of energy by use of an electron pair as a catalyst.
There is a natural design problem associated with using cold
superconductors at close proximity to material in which heat is to
be generated.
WHY FOCUS ON LENR?
Overlooked was the possibility of using these free electron pairs,
bosons generated by applying a negative potential to a
superconductor, to demonstrate low energy nuclear reactions with
high repeatability. These reactions would not have characteristic
high energy nuclear signatures or branching ratios, thus would
prove the existence of a new nuclear reaction regime. One
application of this approach might be the generation of tritium by
use face of a superconductor as the negative plate of a high
voltage capacitor in which deuterium is between the plates. This
would not generate a lot of tritium, but the advantage here is the
ability to easily identify minute amounts of the tritium with high
reliability. It may be advantageous to use D2O ice as a dielectric
for the capacitor.
Alternatively, hydrogen loaded anode might be placed immediately
adjacent to the superconducting cathode, preferably adhered to it
or applied to it with a separation distance achieved suitable to
make a Josephson junction. The objective here is to manufacture
neutral de-energized hydrogen states, e.g. He*, which can migrate
into high mass nuclei and create signature free nuclear reactions.
WHY NO NUCLEAR SIGNATURES?
When two deuterons collide and fuse in hot fusion, it takes a lot
of energy. The resulting nucleus has a lot of pent up potential
energy, which ends up released in the form of decay particle
energy, or gammas.
If the waveforms of two deuterons tunnel to the locus of an
electron, i.e. the quantum waveforms of two deuterons and a
centrally located electron collapse at the locus of the electron
center of charge, then the resulting nucleus is not energetic.
This concept was more fully described here in 2001. See <http://
mtaonline.net/~hheffner/EcatFusion.pdf>.
Now, supposing T is the final result of the fusion, and no
neutron. We then have:
D + D + e- ---> He* ---> T + P + 2 e-
where here He* here is not really helium at all, and certainly not
an energetic isomer. It is a highly de-energized complex. Within
He*, to produce this reaction, there is an accelerated decay of a
neutron, producing a P and e- which have to leave the nucleus, and
some nominal energy. The work to eject the P and e- is a wash.
The work to eject the second electron, the catalytic electron,
further de-energizes the nucleus. There will be no energetic
gamma. Additionally, the ejection of P + 2 e- could be expected to
produce EM radiation, and not all in one high energy photon, but
rather in smaller chunks. The only signatures of this reaction are
thus low order heat and tritium.
The Pauli exclusion principle excludes superposition of two
fermions not having opposed spins, e.g. 3 free electrons. There is
evidence that a superposition event can occur between two fermions
having opposed that makes them act like a boson. Examples of this
are the ability of electrons to build Ken Shoulder's EV's (if they
actually exist), superconductivity (the formation of electron pair
bosons, superpositioned electrons with opposed spins, may be an
alternative explanation of superconductivity) as well as the proven
existence of fermion Bose condensates. Electron pair bosons
additionally provide a rationale for the tendency of electrons to
tunnel in pairs across Josephson junctions. The superposition of
opposed spin particles cancels the net spin magnetic field.
The quantum waveform (psi) of any particle extends throughout the
universe. The integral of Psi^2 for a volume indicates the
probability of the particle's location in a given volume in a given
time. When two or more particles have an "event", creating a new
particle or particles, the waveforms of the old particles collapse,
and the new particles waveforms instantly extend throughout the
universe. (Yes, this means FTL events can happen.) If any event
can happen between any two or more particles, the probability of
that event in some volume of space is just integral of the overlap
of the psi^2 value of the waveforms in the volume. The electron
catalysis concept is simply, provided a 3rd (catalyst) particle can
be involved in an event, its being located halfway between two
other involved particles separated by distance X greatly increases
the probability of the 3 body event over the probability of the two
body event (excluding the catalyst) at the given distance X.
Further, the event, the resulting product, must be energetically
favorable, and having two bodies of one charge and one of the other
ensures that the event is energetically favorable with respect to
coulomb charge. The wave function collapse of two deuterons upon a
boson consisting of two opposed spin electrons would be even more
energetically favorable. Thus you have the 2 electron catalysis
hypothesis. See also <http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
DualElectronCatFusion.pdf>
Horace Heffner
