http://www.brillouinenergy.com/docs.php?doc=phase_2_data
The results of the Ni/H system is disappointing. The COP is still under 2. Brillouin Energy still fails to incorporate the lessons learned from other Ni/H reactors to increase their power gain. There may be many roads to LENR, some more powerful than others. This means that LENR and LENR+ are different technologies. Brillouin Energy has not yet found the correct path to abundant LENR power production; that is LENR+. And I doubt that they will succeed if they continue to persist in their current LENR F/P doctrinaire. On Wed, May 15, 2013 at 3:03 AM, <[email protected]> wrote: > > Widom-Larsen, Brillouin (and some others) propose that electrons acquire > 782 KeV mass/energy and overcome the electroweak barrier to combine with > protons, deuterons or tritons to produce low momentum neutrons. > > Storms notes [1] that an electron must reach relativistic speeds to gain > 782 KeV in a lattice, - seemingly a very tall order, due to collisions. > Others, e.g. Hagelstein, et al[2], doubt that field strengths in LENR > experiments provide this extra energy ("renormalized" mass). > > I think both objections may overlook collective effects. > > In an arc, colliding electron-proton(deuteron) wave packet pairs are > strongly squeezed together by equal, opposite magnetic forces. > > Even when the composite packet has velocity zero (lab frame), the packets > continue absorbing field energy by becoming more oscillatory, localized and > overlapping as spectra shift to high mass/energy eigenstates. In pictures: > > > TIME Low resolution ASCII graphic of > | e-p collision with (lab) velocity ~ 0 > | > V PROTON ELECTRON > | -----> <----- Decreasing > | _____________ _____________ Magnetic > | / \ / \ Vector Potential > | / PROTON \ / ELECTRON \ > | / 'p' \ / 'e' \ A > | -------------------+--------------------- -------------> > | > V |\ 'HEAVIER' | > | | \ ELECTRON | > | _____________ | \ /\ | > | | \| \ / \ V > | | | \/ \ /\ /\ | > | | | \/ \/ \ A | > | -------------------+--------------------\ -------> | > | V > | | A-field > | |\ transfering > | | \ | 'HEAVY' momentum > | | \ |\ ELECTRON to e-p pair > | ___________|___\ | \ | | > | | | |\| \|\ | > | | | | | | | | > | | /\| | \ \ \ A | > | -------------/------+-------\-\---------- ---> V > V significant e-p electron wave packet > wave packet overlap becomes squeezed, more > localized, oscillatory, > - spectrum shift to high > mass/energy eigenstates > > > Electron velocities in arcs are usually far below relativistic, but the arc > magnetic field stores huge energy and momentum that is transferred to/from > colliding particles when the arc current rises, falls, or is interrupted. > > To gain 782Kev in energy, an electron can equivalently acquire (see [6]) > > momentum = 6.3480 * 10^-22 [N*sec] -- where [N] = newtons > > The following example shows that this does not require exotic lab > equipment. > > Assume the electron is in an arc plasma uniformly distributed in a tube > with radius=R, length=10*R, current=I aligned with the z-axis of 3-space. > > We want to compute how much field momentum can be transferred to a electron > 'e' in a collision at a radial distance 'r' from the tube center. > > =============================== x-axis > ^ e \ / > | ^ <----- I[Amps] \ / > | | r \ / > 2R -------+------------------- <------x----- z-axis > | / \ > | / \ > v / y-axis > =============================== > > |<------ L = 10*R ------->| > > > The (under-utilized) "magnetic vector potential" field (denoted A(r)) > depends only on local currents. Very conveniently [3,4] -- > > q*A(r) = momentum impulse (as a vector) that a charge 'q' at point 'r' > picks up if currents sourcing vector-field 'A' are shut off > > By ref[5], near the outer surface of the electron plasma tube (r = R), > the momentum available to electrons, protons, or deuterons is > > [e]*|A(R)| = [e] * (u0/4*pi) * ln(2L/R) * I > = (1.6*10^-19 [C]) * (10^-7 [N/Amp^2]) * ln(20) * I > = 4.8 * 10^-26 [C] * [N/Amp^2] * I > > {Note that this only depends on the R and L ratio.} > > So, the minimum current which can provide a colliding electron (at a > radial distance R) in this arc with 782 KeV is > > > I = {6.348 * 10^-22 [N*sec]} / {4.8 * 10^-26 [C*N/Amp^2]} > = 1.33 * 10^4 [Amp] > > > -- [e] = electron charge = 1.6*10^-19 [C], [C] = coulomb > u0 = permeability of free space = 4*pi*10^-7 [N/Amp^2] > ln = natural log, ln(20) ~ 3 > [Amp] = [C]/[sec] > > Much greater arc currents are routinely achieved [7]. > > > NOTES - > 1) Only electrons can acquire significant relativistic mass from > a momentum "kick" in arcs due to their small mass. > More massive protons, deuterons or tritons will not gain much mass. > > 2) The equation for |A(r)| is singular at r=0 (see [5]). > This is not "unphysical" since volume integral is still finite. > It shows that much smaller currents still can produce "heavy electrons" > at the center of current flow, but less frequently. > > 3) It is not obvious whether inner K-shell electrons of an atom in an > arc can be forced into the nucleus - resulting in "electron capture" > > 4) Perhaps a similar analysis applies to currents in emulsions of metal > particles in dielectric fluids [8]. > > 5) Widom-Larsen also calculate the collective magnetic force using the > "Darwin Lagrangian" which includes pairwise magnetic energy between > electrons. > > REFERENCES - > [1] (p. 29) "A Student’s Guide to Cold Fusion" > http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEastudentsg.pdf > > [2] "Electron mass shift in nonthermal systems" > http://arxiv.org/pdf/0801.3810.pdf > > [3] "Feynman Lectures on Physics" Vol.3, Ch.21 (p.5) > http://www.peaceone.net/basic/Feynman/V3%20Ch21.pdf > > [4] "On the Definition of 'Hidden' Momentum" (p.10 - note cgs units) > http://hep.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/hiddendef.pdf > > [5] UIUC Physics 435 EM Fields & Sources - LECTURE NOTES 16 (p. 8) > > http://web.hep.uiuc.edu/home/serrede/P435/Lecture_Notes/P435_Lect_16.pdf > > [6] Accelerating Voltage Calculator > http://www.ou.edu/research/electron/bmz5364/calc-kv.html > > [7] "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CURRENT DENSITY AND THE HEAT-FLUX > DENSITY IN THE CATHODE ARC SPOT" > > http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~aruy/publicacoes/PDF/IfZh%20current%20density%20and%20U.pdf > > [8] AMPLIFICATION OF ENERGETIC REACTIONS - Brian Ahern > United States Patent Application 20110233061 > http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2011/0233061.html - EXCERPT: > <<Ultrasonic amplification may have usefulness, but it is inferior to > are discharges through nanocomposite solids due to a process called the > “inverse skin effect.” In ordinary metals, a rapid pulse of current > remains close to an outer surface in a process referred to as the > “skin effect.” Typically, the electric current pulses flow on the outer > surface of a conductor. Discharges through a dielectric embedded with > metallic particles behave very differently. The nanoparticles act as a > series of short circuit elements that confine the breakdown currents to > very, very small internal discharge pathways. This inverse skin effect > can have great implications for energy densification in composite > materials. Energetic reactions described fully herein are amplified > by an inverse skin effect. These very small discharge pathways are so > narrow that the magnetic fields close to them are amplified to > magnitudes unachievable by other methods >> > > > Comments/criticisms are welcome. > > -- Lou Pagnucco > > > > > >
