One clarification about the conclusion of the Zhao paper:
"Local superconductivity" could be defined as an
accumulation of atoms in a structure like a nanodot, nanorod or
nickel-embedded CNT (as in Zhao paper below) - which results in what looks
like very high temperature SC as discussed here:
http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/17002.pdf
A "lower energy state" is a bit confusing, at least when seen on a plateau
which is itself already hot (well above ambient). The best analogy I can
come up with on short notice is municipal street lighting, where sodium
vapor has taken over due to performance. Sodium vapor lamps are the most efficient electrically powered light source - 200 lumens/Watt (compared to tungsten incandescent at 13 or the newest Cree LED at 100) which is due to the monochromatic output at a wavelength near the peak sensitivity of the human eye. "Superradiance" and coherency and "monochromatic output" are almost synonymous to varying degrees. The lamp goes into a lower energy state after startup is reached, and then gives maximum light per Watt. I've included below the edited original post about triple coherency that ushered in the prospect of including UHTSC (ultra high temperature superconductivity) as a component of LERN, and as seen in the Rossi HotCat. Zhao actually posits "double coherency" but he is not concerned with LENR or IR plasmons. Add in Infrared coherency and plasmonics - to Zhao and we can now see that a triple alignment of internal energy, which may be the key to this form of LENR. About 7 years ago here on Vortex - before the plasmon/polariton technology was being spread around cyberspace as being particularly relevant to some types of LENR (by NASA no less)- and long before the Rossi HotCat, we raised a relevant issue called "triple coherency". Basically, the question was posed: What would happens if one can engineer a constant and coherent flux of three different forms of mass/energy within a closed reactor: 1) photons (monochromatic in the IR spectrum) 2) electrons (local AC which is a function of the conductive path) 3) phonons (a precise locked vibrational mode) All the same wavelength. And moreover, would a "new kind of condensate" emerge? A 'new kind of condensate' means a macro-state in which we are not restricted by bosons or by near zero Kelvin temperatures, but are considering the next larger plateau of interlocking geometries, which are conjoined by abnormal but coherent energy dynamics at a higher level. It is misleading to refer to this as a BEC. That is where "energy driven superconductivity" (an expanded definition) can come in. Apologies to Hirsch. Forcing all three parameters into some kind of mutual coherency (or superradiance) would be limited by several factors, mostly by the geometric excursion possibilities of the heaviest (densest) component: phonons. Therefore this kind of triple-coherency could probably only happen in the IR (far infrared or FIR) spectrum, since melting or easy deformation of the lattice structure would be expected at anything over about 1000C. This state of dynamic triple-coherency, which is happening well above the cryogenic range of the BEC, could be a 'sine qua non' of one very special form of LENR - the Rossi effect. BTW - we call this technology "nickel-hydrogen", but the lattice can be composed of other transition metals or alloys, besides nickel. I mention that to counter one of Mills remarks that his reaction is not like Rossi's because he does not need nickel per se. Nickel happens to have the needed lattice (phonon and magnetic) properties at a relatively low price, but the Rossi effect can probably happen without it. Anyway, looking back on this flash of insight (triple coherency) now, it seems pretty clear that the hypothesis fits quite well with the idea of surface plasmons being stimulated by IR in the range seen in the HotCat which seems to involve geometry of 5-30 microns for the phonon or exciton, and with a corresponding electron "hole" of a similar dimension, and 3-30 THz for the photon and the plasmon, around which we find a local AC field. Therefore, to put an actual value on the key variable which is to be made coherent - we could start with something like 27 THz as the desired frequency. Check out the extremely sharp peak here between 10.5 and 11 microns. This is why the HotCat is using SiC. It serves the same function as sodium In sodium vapor street lighting. http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9903031.pdf END
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