On Feb 10, 2014, at 10:48 AM, Axil Axil wrote:
Ed states:
This happens in a chemical system, not in plasma where your concept
would apply. Any separation of charge must take into account the
surrounding electrons and atoms. A "vibration" has to take place in
a local region having no connection to the chemical structure. That
is the role of the Hydroton. Where is your "hydroton"?
Axil:
The NiH reactor has a localized region of plasma formation only.
This reactor is a pulsed system in which plasma is produced
periodically in a localized zone. Most of the volume of the
reactor’s hydrogen envelope is a chemical system where vigorous heat
driven dipole vibration of hydrogen and other elements occur.
This dipole activity happens in the micro particles an nano-
particles arrogates that condense out of the plasma.
But Axil, a lot of experience shows that this does not happen
spontaneously in a chemical system.
Yes, DGT applies a plasma but not to the active Ni, which is shielded
in Ni foam. Rossi did not apply plasma initially, yet his e-Cat
worked. Many other people have studied the Ni-H2 system without using
applied plasma. Obviously, applied plasma is not required. I'm trying
to understand what IS REQUIRED not what might be imagined.
Spontaneous plasma formation simply does not happen in a chemical
system.
Ed states:
I have no idea what this means and how it can happen. We know
electrons can be separated from the atoms and can result in an
electric current when voltage is applied. Where is the applied
voltage in your case? What drives the charge separation, which
requires energy? Where does the voltage gradient come from that is
required to move the electrons? Without such answers, this
description is just hand-waving.
When two nanoparticles draw close together under the electrostatic
attraction, they may come into contact at a limited connection.
What causes electrostatic attraction? You must be assuming the
particles are in a vacuum because if they have contact with a material
they have no charge because the excess electrons have been conducted
away.
The electrons associated with the heat driven dipole motion will hit
the dialectic hydrogen filled boundary between the nanoparticles
where they will form a vortex current (hot spot). This is standard
nanoplasmonic theory that has been experimentally demonstrated.
This simply does not happen. I have no idea what you base this idea
on. Particles in contact do not form a discharge at their contact. The
particles are attached to each other by chemical interaction that does
not cause an energy difference such that the surrounding H2 is changed
in any way. Your citation has NO relationship to what you describe.
The waves you cite are generated on surfaces by a applied
electromagnetic field. In addition, these waves have very little
energy and localize very little energy, with no ability to initiate a
nuclear reaction. Nuclear interaction requires much more energy than
such processes can supply. We know this because this energy can be
measured and reactions occur ONLY when this energy is supplied. LENR
obviously uses a different process, but one that you are not addressing.
Notice in the citation, this idea is applied to photons, not to protons.
The evanescent waves constrain the EMF (electrons and heat) closely
to the surface of the nanoparticles and the space between them so
when their wavelengths eventually match, they bind together in a
pair. That is what a polariton is.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave
Ed states:
Cooper pairs are known to form only at low temperature because they
are very unstable. In addition, you are applying a concept used to
describe electrons in superconductors to protons. What justification
do you have for such a structure to form between protons at room
temperature and above? How does a copper pair of p differ from H2?
Axil:
Piantelli shows a 6 MeV proton coming out of a nickel bar. This
implies that a proton pair entered the nickel nucleus: one to
produce the 6 MeV via fusion of nickel into copper and one proton to
exit the nucleus to remove that energy from the nucleus.
This is not implied. It is assumed. The observation can be explained
several different ways. First of all, he did not determine this was a
proton. This particle could be an alpha resulting from fragmentation
of Ni, which is what I predict and can show fits many observations.
How does causing a proton to react with Ni to make Cu result in energy
if the proton comes right back out?
Also, the large amount of iron reported in Rossi’s ash assay,
requires a reaction involving two protons. The abundance of light
elements in the DGT ash assay requires fusion of multiple proton
pairs with nickel.
Fusion always produces a heavier element compared to the target. On
a few occasions, your list shows fusion followed by fission to produce
two fragments. I agree, much transmutation results from fusion-
fission, but not all.
You also need to account for the neutrons in such a process and
explain how so many H can enter the nucleus. You have simply thrown
the clay against the wall to see what sticks rather than creating a
pot. Anyone can do this. We need to know how to make a pot.
In my book, I propose a mechanism, the resulting nuclear reaction, why
it results in transmutation and what transmutation products result.
When compared to what is reported, the fit is good. You need to do the
same with your idea.
It is a safe assumption that pairing of protons is occurring.
I see no reason for this assumption. Such pairs are only found in H2,
which is not nuclear reactive.
Ed states:
I suggest you go the next step and calculate the elements formed,
their decay modes, and whether the reaction is exothermic. And then
see if the consequence is consistent with what is observed. Simply
making unsupported imagined statements without going the next step
is not very useful.
Axil:
1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + n + 1.974 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 64Zn + 13.835 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 63Cu + 1H + 6.122 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 4He + 9.879 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 56Fe + 3.495 MeV <==== this one produces
iron.
1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 12C + 3.249 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 16O + 1.057 MeV
1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 30Si + 2.197 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ge + n + 10.750 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 66Ge + 24.037 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Ga + 3H + 4.007 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 64Ga + 2H + 8.108 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ga + 1H + 17.778 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Zn + 5He + 7.372 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 62Zn + 4He + 21.156 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + 3He + 9.692 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Cu + 7Li + 3.859 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Cu + 6Li + 6.667 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Cu + 5Li + 12.713 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Ni + 10Be + 3.707 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Ni + 9Be + 7.144 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 17.696 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Ni + 7Be + 7.795 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 6Be + 8.507 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Co + 11B + 7.769 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Co + 10B + 6.398 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Co + 9B + 9.338 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Fe + 14C + 7.721 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Fe + 13C + 10.230 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Fe + 12C + 18.662 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Fe + 11C + 9.239 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Fe + 10C + 7.316 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Mn + 15N + 10.550 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Mn + 14N + 10.252 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Mn + 13N + 11.752 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Mn + 12N + 0.627 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Cr + 18O + 6.010 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49Cr + 17O + 8.549 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50Cr + 16O + 17.406 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Cr + 15O + 11.003 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 14O + 9.819 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47V + 19F + 5.899 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48V + 18F + 6.011 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49V + 17F + 8.415 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50V + 16F + 0.951 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ti + 22Ne + 7.983 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Ti + 21Ne + 7.147 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 46Ti + 20Ne + 13.575 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47Ti + 19Ne + 5.591 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 18Ne + 5.580 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Sc + 25Na + 0.410 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Sc + 24Na + 2.949 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Sc + 23Na + 8.128 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Sc + 22Na + 5.408 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Sc + 21Na + 5.662 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ca + 27Mg + 4.271 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ca + 26Mg + 13.471 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Ca + 25Mg + 10.740 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Ca + 24Mg + 14.890 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Ca + 23Mg + 6.292 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ca + 22Mg + 4.275 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37K + 29Al + 5.425 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38K + 28Al + 8.061 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39K + 27Al + 13.413 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40K + 26Al + 8.155 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41K + 25Al + 6.885 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Ar + 32Si + 4.868 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Ar + 31Si + 8.406 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Ar + 30Si + 17.074 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Ar + 29Si + 15.252 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38Ar + 28Si + 18.617 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ar + 27Si + 8.036 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ar + 26Si + 4.594 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 32Cl + 34P + 0.297 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33Cl + 33P + 9.751 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Cl + 32P + 11.155 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Cl + 31P + 15.864 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Cl + 30P + 12.132 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Cl + 29P + 11.124 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33S + 33S + 15.582 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 32S + 18.357 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35S + 31S + 10.301 MeV
1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36S + 30S + 7.137 MeV
The last 4 produce lighter elements.
There are also similar reactions for the other Ni isotopes, and also
for the
daughter products of the initial reactions, e.g. :-
1H+1H+64Zn => 66Ge + 10.202 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 65Ga + 1H + 3.942 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 62Zn + 4He + 7.321 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 3.860 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 54Fe + 12C + 4.827 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 50Cr + 16O + 3.571 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 42Ca + 24Mg + 1.055 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 36Ar + 30Si + 3.239 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 37Ar + 29Si + 1.417 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 38Ar + 28Si + 4.782 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 35Cl + 31P + 2.029 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 33S + 33S + 1.746 MeV
1H+1H+64Zn => 34S + 32S + 4.522 MeV
Ed states:
I have no idea how a magnetic field "shines" on a boundary. This
combination of words makes no sense to me.
Axil:
A polariton is a photon and an electron locked together in a pair.
This pair orbits around a cavity on its edge. The spin of all
polaritons are pointed such that the polariton ensemble produces a
magnetic field at the center of the soliton perpendicular to the
circular polariton current (whirlpool). This current is
superconducting. When photons and electrons enter into the soliton,
they don’t exit. By the way, polariton solitons are used as a
research tool to understand the behavior of astrophysical black holes.
As best as I can tell, this description is based only on theory. We
know that photons interact with electrons but just how this is done
and the results are pure theory. You then assume that gamma rays can
follow magnetic field lines, which is news to anyone who has studied
gamma rays.
LENR is obviously a new phenomenon. However, how gamma rays behave is
not knew. Also, how magnetic fields behave is not new. Proposing
behavior about gamma rays and magnetic fields that are way outside of
experience does not help explain LENR. This is like explaining one
mystery by another mystery until the explanation gets more
unbelievable in proportion to the mystery squared.
LENR can be explained using known behavior up to a certain critical
point. That point needs to be clearly identified, which I have
attempted to do. Once that point is identified, the new possibilities
are very limited. Until this concept is accepted, discussions about
hypothetical processes will make no progress and reach no agreement.
People need to stop throwing the clay against the wall, agree on what
a pot needs to look like, and get to work making the design.
Ed Storms
I believe that the magnetic field projections from the soliton
screen the charge of all fermions in the nucleus including the
nucleus and all protons in the neighborhood. When the nucleus and
many di-protons pairs around it reorganizes, gamma energy travels
back on the magnetic field lines from the soliton and the photons
gain energy generating increase magnetic field strengths going
forward. The magnetic fields produced by such solitons can get huge.
The spin of the polariton produces the magnetic field in the same
way that an iron magnet produces a magnetic field; that is through
spin alignment except that it has only one pole.
Charge movement does not produce a current. The magnetic field
projects out of a polariton ring normal to it in one direction or
the opposite direction depending on the spin orientation of the
polariton..
On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 11:02 AM, Edmund Storms
<stor...@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
On Feb 10, 2014, at 8:30 AM, Axil Axil wrote:
Thanks Ed
My concept of the LENR reaction is a passive one. Yours is a more
active one.
Axil, I would say your concept uses one aspect of a theoretical
concept while my concept involves the entire LENR process.
According to my current way of thinking, dipole vibration maintains
the separation of electron and proton in hydrogen.
This happens in a chemical system, not in plasma where your concept
would apply. Any separation of charge must take into account the
surrounding electrons and atoms. A "vibration" has to take place in
a local region having no connection to the chemical structure. That
is the role of the Hydroton. Where is your "hydroton"?
These separated electrons are then sequestered and redirected into
the NAE (aka soliton) by topological discontinuity in the lattice
and become part of the polariton ensemble inside the NAE.
I have no idea what this means and how it can happen. We know
electrons can be separated from the atoms and can result in an
electric current when voltage is applied. Where is the applied
voltage in your case? What drives the charge separation, which
requires energy? Where does the voltage gradient come from that is
required to move the electrons? Without such answers, this
description is just hand-waving.
The naked protons are then acted upon by the EMF based charge
screening effects of the NAE. With their coulomb repulsion
completely removed, these protons become attractive to each other
and pair up based on their opposing spins to form cooper pairs.
Cooper pairs are known to form only at low temperature because they
are very unstable. In addition, you are applying a concept used to
describe electrons in superconductors to protons. What justification
do you have for such a structure to form between protons at room
temperature and above? How does a copper pair of p differ from H2?
The next step is a group fusion process where these multiple cooper
pairs of protons fuse with a high Z element in a group fusion
process in a zone of almost complete charge screening.
This makes no sense. I have no idea what you are describing here.
For example, 8 protons (4 cooper pairs) might fuse with a nickel
atom to produce multiple light elements which might include
multiple helium atoms.
I suggest you go the next step and calculate the elements formed,
their decay modes, and whether the reaction is exothermic. And then
see if the consequence is consistent with what is observed. Simply
making unsupported imagined statements without going the next step
is not very useful.
The charge screening comes from the NAE. The ions that are to be
fused are all very close by the soliton and located in the solid
boundaries of the lattice defect. The very strong magnetic field
coming from the NAE is the coulomb barrier screening field. This
magnetic field shines brightly on the solid boundaries of the NAE
where complete screening of the coulomb barrier occurs.
I have no idea how a magnetic field "shines" on a boundary. This
combination of words makes no sense to me.
Ed Storms
On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 9:25 AM, Edmund Storms
<stor...@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
Axil, I hope you realize the Hydroton, which I propose allows the
fusion reaction to take place and dissipates the energy, involves
resonance of electrons coupled to hydrogen atoms. I'm describing
the structure in which the polariton would operate. So far you have
not supplied this essential feature in your concept. No matter
which mechanism is proposed, it MUST operate in a collection of
hydrogen nuclei that form by normal chemical processes. That
structure is the Hydroton. Once this structure is identified,
several consequences result and many behaviors can be explained.
You might consider how your idea relates the entire mechanism I
propose.
Ed Storms
On Feb 10, 2014, at 5:50 AM, Axil Axil wrote:
Fusion by Pseudo-Particles Part 1 Past, Present and Future
http://www.egely.hu/letoltes/Fusion-by-Pseudo-Particles-Part1.pdf
I have come across a fellow traveler who can express the truth
about the central role of the polariton in LENR and understands
why this fact is so.
