<x-charset ISO-8859-1>There's information on jatropha and other yields here: http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html Vegetable oil yields, characteristics: Journey to Forever
It also includes links to two online databases that will tell you a lot more: NewCrop SearchEngine at the Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University -- Search for "oil". Results: "The following pages containing 'oil' were found -- hits 1-20 of 200". Results are hyperlinked to detailed factsheets. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/SearchEngine.html Plants For A Future -- Database Search -- See "Search by Use - Select any of the following uses. Or select none and use the plant criteria below." Select "Other Use" - oil. Results: "Other Use: Oil (460)". Results are hyperlinked to detailed factsheets. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/D_search.html For instance, NewCrop includes among many other references James A. Duke's excellent Handbook of Energy Crops. Here's what it says about jatropha: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Physic nut, Purging nut Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. 1. Uses 2. Folk Medicine 3. Chemistry 4. Toxicity 5. Description 6. Germplasm 7. Distribution 8. Ecology 9. Cultivation 10. Harvesting 11. Yields and Economics 12. Energy 13. Biotic Factors 14. References Uses According to Ochse (1980), "the young leaves may be safely eaten, steamed or stewed." They are favored for cooking with goat meat, said to counteract the peculiar smell. Though purgative, the nuts are sometimes roasted and dangerously eaten. In India, pounded leaves are applied near horses' eyes to repel flies. The oil has been used for illumination, soap, candles, adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Nuts can be strung on grass and burned like candlenuts (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Mexicans grow the shrub as a host for the lac insect. Ashes of the burned root are used as a salt substitute (Morton, 1981). Agaceta et al. (1981) conclude that it has strong molluscicidal activity. Duke and Wain (1981) list it for homicide, piscicide, and raticide as well. The latex was strongly inhibitory to watermelon mosaic virus (Tewari and Shukla, 1982). Bark used as a fish poison (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In South Sudan, the seed as well as the fruit is used as a contraceptive (List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Sap stains linen and can be used for marking (Mitchell and Rook, 1979). Little, Woodbury, and Wadsworth (1974) list the species as a honey plant. Folk Medicine According to Hartwell, the extracts are used in folk remedies for cancer. Reported to be abortifacient, anodyne, antiseptic, cicatrizant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, lactagogue, narcotic, purgative, rubefacient, styptic, vermifuge, and vulnerary, physic nut is a folk remedy for alopecia, anasorca, ascites, burns, carbuncles, convulsions, cough, dermatitis, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, dyspepsia, eczema, erysipelas, fever, gonorrhea, hernia, incontinence, inflammation, jaundice, neuralgia, paralysis, parturition, pleurisy, pneumonia, rash, rheumatism, scabies, sciatica, sores, stomachache, syphilis, tetanus, thrush, tumors, ulcers, uterosis, whitlows, yaws, and yellow fever (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horhammer, 1969-1979). Latex applied topically to bee and wasp stings (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Mauritians massage ascitic limbs with the oil. Cameroon natives apply the leaf decoction in arthritis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Colombians drink the leaf decoction for venereal disease (Morton, 1981). Bahamans drink the decoction for heartburn. Costa Ricans poultice leaves onto erysipelas and splenosis. Guatemalans place heated leaves on the breast as a lactagogue. Cubans apply the latex to toothache. Colombians and Costa Ricans apply the latex to burns, hemorrhoids, ringworm, and ulcers. Barbadians use the leaf tea for marasmus, Panamanians for jaundice. Venezuelans take the root decoction for dysentery (Morton, 1981). Seeds are used also for dropsy, gout, paralysis, and skin ailments (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves are regarded as antiparasitic, applied to scabies; rubefacient for paralysis, rheumatism; also applied to hard tumors (Hartwell, 1967-1971). Latex used to dress sores and ulcers and inflamed tongues (Perry, 1980). Seed is viewed as aperient; the seed oil emetic, laxative, purgative, for skin ailments. Root is used in decoction as a mouthwash for bleeding gums and toothache. Otherwise used for eczema, ringworm, and scabies (Perry, 1980; Duke and Ayensu, 1984). We received a letter from the Medical Research Center of the University of the West Indies shortly after the death of Jamaician singer Robert Morley, "I just want you to know that this is not because of Bob Morley's illness, why I am revealing this ... my dream was: this old lady came to me in my sleep with a dish in her hands; she handed the dish to me filled with some nuts. I said to her, "What were those?" She did not answer. I said to her, "PHYSIC NUTS." She said to me, "This is the cure for cancer." We found this Jamaican dream rather interesting. Four antitumor compounds, including jatropham and jatrophone, are reported from other species of Jatropha (Duke and Ayensu, 1984). Homeopathically used for cold sweats, colic, collapse, cramps, cyanosis, diarrhea, leg cramps. Chemistry Per 100 g, the seed is reported to contain 6.6 g H2O, 18.2 g protein, 38.0 g fat, 33.5 g total carbohydrate, 15.5 g fiber, and 4.5 g ash (Duke and Atchley, 1983). Leaves, which show antileukemic activity, contain a-amyrin, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, 7-keto-b-sitosterol, stigmast-5-ene-3-b, 7-a-diol, and stigmast-5-ene-3 b, 7 b-diol (Morton, 1981). Leaves contain isovitexin and vitexin. From the drug (nut?) saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose, galactose, protein, and an oil, largely of oleic- and linoleic-acids (List and Horhammer, 1969-1979), curcasin, arachidic-, linoleic-, myristic-, oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acids are also reported (Perry, 1980). Toxicity The poisoning is irritant, with acute abdominal pain and nausea about 1/2 hour following ingestion. Diarrhea and nausea continue but are not usually serious. Depression and collapse may occur, especially in children. Two seeds are strong purgative. Four to five seed are said to have caused death, but the roasted seed is said to be nearly innocuous. Bark, fruit, leaf, root, and wood are all reported to contain HCN (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Seeds contain the dangerous toxalbumin curcin, rendering them potentially fatally toxic. Description Shrub or tree to 6 m, with spreading branches and stubby twigs, with a milky or yellowish rufescent exudate. Leaves deciduous, alternate but apically crowded, ovate, acute to acuminate, basally cordate, 3 to 5-lobed in outline, 6-40 cm long, 6-35 cm broad, the petioles 2.5-7.5 cm long. Flowers several to many in greenish cymes, yellowish, bell-shaped; sepals 5, broadly deltoid. Male flowers many with 10 stamens, 5 united at the base only, 5 united into a column. Female flowers borne singly, with elliptic 3-celled, triovulate ovary with 3 spreading bifurcate stigmata. Capsules, 2.5-4 cm long, finally drying and splitting into 3 valves, all or two of which commonly have an oblong black seed, these ca 2 x 1 cm (Morton, 1977; Little et al., 1974). Germplasm Reported from the Central and South American Centers of Diversity, physic nut, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate Slope. There is an endemic species in Madagascars J. mahafalensis, with equal energetic promise. (2n = 22) Distribution Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador (Holm et al, 1979). Ecology Ranging from Tropical Very Dry to Moist through Subtropical Thorn to Wet Forest Life Zones, physic nut is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.8 to 23.8 dm (mean of 60 cases = 14.3) and annual temperature of 18.0 to 28.5ˆÁ (mean of 45 cases = 25.2). Cultivation Grows readily, from cuttings or seeds. Cuttings strike root so easily that the plant can be used as an energy-producing living fence post. Harvesting For medicinal purposes, the seeds are harvested as needed. For energy purposes, seeds might be harvested all at once, the active medicinal compounds might be extracted from the seed, before or after the oil, leaving the oil cake for biomass or manure. Yields and Economics According to Gaydou et al (1982), seed yields approach 6-8 MT/ha with ca 37% oil. They calculate that such yields could produce the equivalent of 2,100-2,800 liters fuel oil/ha (see table under Energy). In Madagascar, they have ca 10,000 ha of purging nut, each producing ca 24 hl oil/ha for a potential production of 240,000 hl (Gaydou, et al, 1982). Energy The clear oil expressed from the seed has been used for illumination and lubricating, and more recently has been suggested for energetic purposes, one ton of nuts yielding 70 kg refined petroleum, 40 kg "gasoil leger" (light fuel oil), 40 kg regular fuel oil, 34 kg dry tar/pitch/rosin, 270 kg coke-like char, and 200 kg ammoniacal water, natural gas, creosote, etc. In a startling study, Gaydou et al. (1982) compare several possible energy species with potential to grow in Malagasy. Oil palm was considered energetically most promising. Crop production MT/ha Fuel production /ha Energetic equivalent kwh/ha Elaeis guineensis 18-20 3,600-4,000 33,900-37,700 Jatropha curcas 6-8 2,100-2,800 19,800-26,400 Aleurites fordii 4-6 1,800-2,700 17,000-25,500 Saccharum officinarum 35 2,450 16,000 Ricinus communis 3-5 1,200-2,000 11,300-18,900 Manihot eaculenta 6 1,020 6,600 Biotic Factors Agriculture Handbook No. 165 lists the following as affecting Jatropha curcas: Clitocybe tabescens (root rot), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (leaf spot), and Phakopsora jatrophicola (rust). References * Agaceta, L.M., Dumag, P.U., and Batolos, J.A. 1981. Studies on the control of snail vectors of fascioliasis: Molluscicidal activity of some indigenous plants. In: Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines, NSDB Technology Journal: Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 7. 38008; 6: 2: 30-34. * Agriculture Handbook 165. 1960. Index of plant diseases in the United States. USGPO. Washington. * Duke, J.A. and Atchley, A.A. 1984. Proximate analysis. In: Christie, B.R. (ed.), The handbook of plant science in agriculture. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. * Duke, J.A. and Ayensu, E.S. 1985. Medicinal plants of China. Reference Publications, Inc. Algonac, MI. * Duke, J.A. and Wain, K.K. 1981. Medicinal plants of the world. Computer index with more than 85,000 entries. 3 vols. * Gaydou, A.M., Menet, L., Ravelojaona, G., and Geneste, P. 1982. Vegetable energy sources in Madagascar: ethyl alcohol and oil seeds (French). Oleagineux 37(3):135-141. * Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P., and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. * List, P.H. and Horhammer, L. 1969-1979. Hager's handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis. vols 2-6. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. * Little, E.L., Jr., Woodbury, R.O., and Wadsworth, F.H. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 2. Ag. Handbook 449. USDA, Washington, DC. * Mitchell, J.C. and Rook, A. 1979. Botanical dermatology. Greenglass Ltd., Vancouver. * Morton, J.F. 1977. Major medicinal plants. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. * Morton, J.F. 1981. Atlas of medicinal plants of middle America. Bahamas to Yucatan. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. * Ochse, J.J. 1931. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies. Reprinted 1980. A. Asher & Co., B.V. Amsterdam. * Perry, L.M. 1980. Medicinal plants of east and southeast Asia. MIT Press, Cambridge. * Tewari, J.P. and Shukla, I.K. 1982. Inhibition of infectivity of 2 strains of watermelon mosaic virus by latex of some angiosperms. Geobios. Jodhpur, India. 9(3):124-126. * Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. 2nd ed. E.&S. Livingstone, Ltd., Edinburgh and London. >Jatropha, > > Based on the information I've seen the seed oil yeild is >0.21. under normal cultivation there is a yeild of around 2,000 litres of >oil per hectare. Cetane on the oil is 64-67 making it more efficient than #2 >Diesel. Although the trees bear fruit in 6 months, does anyone know what >the hectare yeild on the fruit at 6 months growth. Life expectancy is also >low at 15 years, does anyone know when the tree reaches maturity and how >long it will bear fruit? I also understand that the oil cakes cannot be >used in animal feed, is this due to toxicity levels? Does anyone know? >There would be around 8 tonnes of oil cake per hectare. Is there any other >use of the oil cake other than as fertilizer? What is the nitrogen content? > > Neem oil can also be used as biodiesel but is normally >used as a pesticide. Does anyone know how long it takes before a neem tree >bears fruit? Does anyone know what the yeild will be per hectare at this >stage? Oil cakes can be used in feed after going through a solvent >extraction process, does anyone know what the process is. > > I noticed that some of you have done research on the >biodiesel oils are there any suggestions on two crops one for short term >economically viable yeilds and another on the long term. My understanding >is that Palm trees can produce 5,000 litres per hectare of oil but I don't >know what the growth period is before palm trees start to bear fruit. > > We intend to start up a site in Jarkhand which will be run by rural >Santhal people and want to look at ways to allow them to produce fuel oil >cash crops within a one year period plus have additional higher yeild crops >that will produce economically viable fuel oils within 2-3 years. Any >recommendations? I'm also concerned about the oil cakes that will be >produced and would appreciate advice on what plants to avoid when dealing >with the disposal of the cakes. > > Are there any persons who would like to consult on this topic with >regards to plantation, extraction, yeild and processing rates. Installation >of extraction and processing equipment and training? > >Best regards, > >Sumit > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > --- rajesh sk <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > --------------------------------- > > i AM FROM iit DELHI PRESENTLY WORKING ON PROJECT ON > > Biodiesel PRODUCTION FROM jATROPHA. Jatropha is a > > treee born oil seed. The tree grows 4 to 5 meter and > > it grows in developing countries like india, Zambia, > > and other countries. Jatrpha plant also has madicinal > > value. If u need further details u can contact me > > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > > > Sumit <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Hi All, > > > > Are there any members out there who know much about > > Jatropha > > and it's processing requirements. > > > > > > Thanks, > > > > Sumit Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Biofuels list archives: http://archive.nnytech.net/index.php?list=biofuel Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biofuel/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ </x-charset>
