I have been watching this subject for a while.
i vaguely recall that in some front matter in some standards is a statement
that indicates that this is the minimum requirements to go to market.
So in the interests of the Corp/s that I worked for at the time, and any
quality targets, that they
esting.
Best regards,
-Lauren
Confidential – Limited Access and Use
From: Bill Owsley <00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@listserv.ieee.org>
Sent: Friday, April 12, 2024 1:19 PM
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: [PSES] I would like to hear your thoughts please
|
The usual response is that it depends...
More 'light' reading ! To start !
https://www.fcc.gov/sites/default/files/32-KDB-996369-Modules-TCB_Oct_2023.pdf
On Wednesday, April 10, 2024, 5:22:12 PM EDT, Lfresearch
<00734758d943-dmarc-requ...@listserv.ieee.org> wrote:
Sorry for the
It reads like there are two limits, peak and QP. Go over either one and by
how many and by how much over, does not matter. it is a fail and fix it.
Otherwise, the lab should be recording the 6 points of each P and QP for 12
points, well, let the slide if all points are below the QP limit and
generally, 2 limits, QP and P which is 20 db above QP. Gotta meet both.
Unless the P is so infrequent as to call it a Click. Which I would not to want
a challenge over.
On Friday, April 5, 2024 at 03:53:43 PM EDT, Stultz, Mark
<0f79f2e10e47-dmarc-requ...@listserv.ieee.org> wrote:
ps. Old knowledge from old prior career experiences.
I use arc welding cables for connections, not 4 ga wire that takes a pipe
bender to work into place.
Welding cables, are multi wire, and that means "multi" with a capital.
Very flexible and capable of very high amps. It is for arc welding
Long ago, the company had the budget, so we bought single phase for each line.
Thinking that we did not want any cross talk interference, which we had already
experienced in the real world.
Then we also had built the various configurations for supply power that we
used.
In essence measuring
we had a pre-compliance chamber, well correlated to compliance labs.
so our inside pre-compliance testing is easy. a bit of capital to get there.
We make quick scan on about every variation to get idea of the worst.
Then the rest of our attention is on the version.
Our goal is not detectable,
Recall from school that the H field roll off is third order. The size of the
magnets is small, about 1/8 inch on the ones I have.For comparison, the speaker
magnetics in some smart phones are a bit larger and stronger. And the phone
NFC, near field communication, uses AC magnetic fields. Oh,
I am a bit fuzzy on the details, but spd internal to machine has to meet a
certain requirement, while if mounted outside, it met another requirement.The
outside one was "easier".So a surge box was installed outside of machine.
Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
On Tue, Nov 1, 2022 at 16:02,
A personal history, as intern/coop student, circa 1980-81, I was tasked with
trying to capture the cap voltage just after disconnect. Because a consumer
complained about getting shocked. Engineers general thoughts were it decays
fast enough to not be a problem, and that ought teach the
speculation, china will ship anything, that you ask for to be labelled.
Ir is the import requirements that are important.
And you are responsible to ensure that the labeling is correct.
Sucks to be you !!!
I spent several years in US customs monitoring programs because of a lack of
attention to
crazy making by AHJ's that have no engineering knowledge.
Electric motors, certainly.
physical: pumps, any of the variety I am familiar with, have no hazards for
safety.
Even when stalled and pumping no where.
As a system, there might be a problem.
Assume that is a system approval and is custom
ESD from flush mount rotating table. Floor mounted power receptacles were
cabled to avoid brush noise from power connections. Cables in the crawl space
under the raised floor, slide about as the turntable rotated, and the generated
a static charge on cable insulation. Discharges could be
are a great start.
Has anyone attempted dual antennas for susceptibility/immunity?
-Patrick.
On Thu, May 5, 2022 at 10:52 PM Bill Owsley
<00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@listserv.ieee.org> wrote:
No clue as to what your thinking is about using multiple antennas in testing.
We used 4 masts, hig
al antenna for radiated susceptibility(i.e. immunity ).
The insights on emissions are a great start.
Has anyone attempted dual antennas for susceptibility/immunity?
-Patrick.
On Thu, May 5, 2022 at 10:52 PM Bill Owsley
<00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@listserv.ieee.org> wrote:
No clue
as much as you have, and the
peak amplitude won't change.
Take care,
Brent DeWitt
On 5/6/2022 12:10 AM, Bill Owsley wrote:
If you set the step function to the 63 MHz freq, and then step up, BW set a
little wide to account for slight inaccuracy, do you find more emissions,
energy, har
a beer.
On 5/6/2022 1:57 AM, Bill Owsley wrote:
Tried the dual antennas to subtract out the ambients, several times since the
explanation was good.
About 20 years ago. Unsat !!!
On Monday, May 2, 2022, 02:23:26 PM EDT, Ken Javor
wrote:
Likely a totally
Tried the dual antennas to subtract out the ambients, several times since the
explanation was good.
About 20 years ago. Unsat !!!
On Monday, May 2, 2022, 02:23:26 PM EDT, Ken Javor
wrote:
Likely a totally different application than yours, but a long time ago on OATS
No clue as to what your thinking is about using multiple antennas in testing.
We used 4 masts, high band and low band at 3 m and 10 m..
NSA came out fine. Been doing it for about 3 or more decades.
If ya gots the money, spend it on more hardware.
One radiated run in about 30 minutes cover high
Yup, same here. quit using it years ago.
On Wednesday, April 13, 2022, 01:49:11 PM EDT, Richard Nute
wrote:
What happens is that I sign in, find the paper, click on 'PDF', putting the
paper in my cart, then I click on the 'Purchase' tab. That takes me back to the
sign-in page
connects, and
each in-rush caused a slight slip. 5-10 turn on's and it would open. Power
supply engineers found a way to limit in-rush current to avoid the condition.
Saw this in-rush issue over and over in the following decades.
Bill Owsley
EMC First LLC
On Wednesday, March 2, 2022, 05
First I am not a safety engineer, but I have met a few.
Insulation specs that I have run across in pcb layouts, creepage and clearance,
etc, such as between layers, or if the layers are like wires or other parts,
there is, or was, mentioned in an obscure passage ( I paraphrase) that air and
We handled the power cords as separate items with their own approvals.
And depending on the country the product was being shipped to, the correct
power cord was added to shipment. If a citizen is moving a product from
country to country, it is their problem to get the correct power cord for
And if asked to provide evidence, documents, etc backing up the declaration,
there will be a limited time to do so.
Management might take the position to get the doc's when asked, and hope that
they are indeed in compliance.
The consequence can be banned from the market for a period.
That
s to build their specified test equipment AND pass their test
item through the requirements.
And they don't help nor provide hints. All you get is a pass/fail result.
It makes NARTE a grad degree - from kindergarten !
- Bill Owsley
EMC First LLC (Jan 2022)
On Friday, December 17, 2021, 1
pper spark plug wires and
radios with tubes that used a vibrator (old style) to generate AC to then
generate the correct DC needed to run the radio ?
And listening to AM with cars around you ? Buzzzing noise !
ps. The EU is quite different.
- Bill Owsley
EMC First LLC (Jan 2022)
On Friday
There are two reasons for spread spectrum techniques.
One contributed to by the lady movie star, for avoiding detection and
interference and which is used by all sorts of digital communications today as
directed by several standards.
The other, patented by IBM, is used deliberately to
Old story, mid 80's, when PC's were being placed on every desk as office work
stations.
Two different separate events occurred.
The high volume of switching power supplies feeding off the big inhouse
transformers caused some heating issues due to harmonics, etc. Thus the
harmonic standard.
Typical lightning is about 300 million volts and 30 thousand amps. And if you
are within several 10's of feet of a strike, it makes an impression. So a
scaled down version is useful, like Doug's emp generator. Useful for
imaginative coupling into various devices under test.
Sent from
Hmmm, increase the air exchange in the basement and monitor the Radon levels,
tho at this juncture that may be a moot point ! ;^)
Aside; I did do a search and found a number of articles and with a quick survey
in reading them, found that they use an english dielect, or structure, I am not
Maybe it will go better than the transition to the RED.
On Thursday, February 13, 2020, 05:54:13 PM EST, Ken Shadoff
<1050c4779b94-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org> wrote:
Be sure to consider your labeling requirements as a UK importer (a name and
address in the UK).
There is a UKCA mark
I agree. Have found the assembly violated creepage and clearance
requirements, and other construction, setup issues.
On Tuesday, January 21, 2020, 01:49:46 PM EST, Richard Nute
wrote:
Hi Steve:
I suspect that the test was set up incorrectly, especially since your client
has
The 80/80 rule was/is applied for auditing manufacturing as, according to
management, 'good enough for government work.' They figured the risk of
getting caught was sufficiently low enough to continue shipping.
Initial testing has no allowance for exceeding the requirements.
An experienced
Way back, some statistic guru said it reads as 80 percent confident that 80
percent of the samples will comply with the requirement.
On Monday, November 18, 2019, 03:03:12 PM EST, John Allen
<09cc677f395b-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org> wrote:
Quick search on “80/80 rule history”
oh, and I have no references.
It was just standard practice.
On Monday, November 18, 2019, 02:36:38 PM EST, Bill Owsley
<00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org> wrote:
We used it back in the early 1980's.
Applied it to sample size for audits.
On Monday, November 18
We used it back in the early 1980's.
Applied it to sample size for audits.
On Monday, November 18, 2019, 02:28:38 PM EST, Mark Gandler
wrote:
John,
would be beneficial if you can share your earliest recollection of the dates,
besides stating it dates back much further.
exactly what voltage the air discharge
happened at. You can also use it to charge objects, like me, to known voltages
(just did that for some ESD research, and also use it for a high voltage
breakdown tester.
Doug
From: Bill Owsley <00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org>
One example that comes to mind, out of a long history of wonderment in ESD
testing, is for an air discharge, pulling the trigger causes the product to
glitch, before approaching the product target point.
Found a way around the anomaly, to find not problem with the actual air
discharge.
But
My experience, is that all brands, commercial and custom private built, will
all make for different results.
The ESD generators can all make the required waveforms as poorly defined and
tested.
Yet each different brand or model will give different results.
Why ? Incomplete performance
Our safety regulators have insisted that power cord safety ground/earth go
first to the metal chassis, with rare exceptions. Exception, the majority of
chassis is plastic, with internal metal structures to tie it all together.
Only the screw heads are exposed and tied to some of the internal
Many years ago, we used the EMC grill, top and bottom of chassis, coated with
an intumescent material that swelled with heat above a certain temperature to
shut off the air flow and starve the fire. Max ventilation was essential to
normal operation, thus the coating for a fire condition, also
Not having access to the standards for review...
I would think that unintentional limits, 55032? would be a little different
than intentional limits, 300 328? memory fault.
I am assuming the BT is operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Does it operate in any
other band?
And I don't recall Class A and
My answers for this are USA/FCC centric due to the nature of questions. ps.
Canada goes along too.
So a composite system would be mutually exclusive; when operating as a Class A
unintentional radiator, the BT,
BlueTooth? the radio must not operate. Assuming a non-residential environment
for
Subpart C, Intentional radiators does not have a distinction for Class A/B.
Subpart B, Unintentional radiators has that distinction, allowing Class A for
non-residential environments.
Curiously, in subpart C, the general limits to be complied with are the same
levels specified in subpart B for
radiated emissions go a bit lower.
§15.209 Radiated emission limits; general requirements.
(a) Except as provided elsewhere in this subpart, the emissions from an
intentional radiator shall not exceed the field strength levels specified in
the following table:
| Frequency (MHz) | Field
"ground" terminology from what I have seen, it a power company concept, (you
know, the 50/60 hertz AC power distributed all over). They started out, and
still in some rural areas, use earth as the "ground" for the return of the AC
power being provided to users. I can right now today in 2019,
The standard response is, it depends...
Was looking into this last week.
Check the FCC KDB.
Communications? or not ?
etc. etc... Freq, power, and more !!!
On Wednesday, April 10, 2019, 10:15:36 PM EDT, EMC.Guru
wrote:
Hi All,
What would be the appropriate EMC standards for large
I got one, an extortion email, using an ancient ID and password from a
Netscape account, how long ago? Like AOL is secure ? Don't they own the old
Netscape?But the amazing aspect is that it came to my less than year old Corp
email ID.
My guess is that not only has some old database been
Most of our products have zero's in the ID, none with slashes, several decades
of products.
Outside of the USA, none care about the FCC ID, it is just filler for the label.
And those that do, understand the American convention vs any others.
ps. I am astounded that any lab outside of the USA
The DOE provides the bark as the tail wags.
From: Brian O'Connell
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Monday, September 18, 2017 8:19 PM
Subject: [PSES] CEC NPRMs for lo-pwr mode and PF
Industry and stake-holder responses to the California Energy
Sucks to be using "D**".
Those devices have mis-represented the disturbances on the AC line for decades.
Costing several Corps a few millions of dollars.
The "D**" devices miss, cannot measure nor read, any of the real world AC
line disturbances, that are disrupting today's technologies.
way, way, back in the day of CRT's, it was found that the office lighting was a
bit off phase from the CRT's. This lead to a very slight, but unaware
annoying, difference in the in the office lighting and the CRT lighting, which
caused the eyes to adjust to the change in lighting as the beat
Ancient EMC mythology, well proven to be wrong and so abandoned decades ago.
And still it pops on occasion and often with new twists to revive the
mythology.So it gets ignored as those new to the stories, such that they cannot
figure it out, will need the lessons of 'on the job training'.
ps.
You do have the FCC KDB article
558074 D01 DTS Meas Guidance v04
It is a mind bender of various methods...
From: Grace Lin
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Wednesday, April 26, 2017 4:10 PM
Subject: Re: [PSES] FCC DTS Measurement Procedure - FCC KDB 558074
That is far too simple for the guidance in the procedure.
ps. most SA's today can be made to do several types of average.
If the TCB accepts it, you are good.
From: Grace Lin
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Monday, April 24, 2017 8:25 PM
Subject: [PSES] FCC
– Own
Opinions Onlywww.jmwa.demon.co.uk J M Woodgate and Associates Rayleigh England
Sylvae in aeternum manent. From: Bill Owsley
[mailto:00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org]
Sent: Thursday, March 2, 2017 5:04 AM
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: [PSES] CORRECTION (wrong page) Passiv
"...since the 51.5 is derived from 20*log(377)"
to be even more accurate, the 377 is the ratio of E/H, and for actual numbers
(if I get this right) permittivity / permeability in a vacuum or free space or
air since all are really close.
We have recently acquired an E-field and H-field all in
I had a larger EUT tested by an accredited lab in a large warehouse and the
antenna was walked around to a bunch of points for the measurements.Before
turning the EUT on, the ambients were recorded. After turn on, the deltas were
attributed to the EUT and measured.
From: Ghery S.
To further add to the discussion, Subpart C of the FCC part 15 deals with
intentional radiators. The limits there have no Class A or B differentiation,
but do refer the limits specified as the general limits.
So a comparison between the limits in Subpart C and Subpart B (unintentional
If you can measure common mode noise on a cable, you have a problem from the
port !!
Note the world famous Ott's math on this effect in his 1st edition. Might be
in his 2nd too.
I have used both e-field and h-field (current clamp) at the same time.
We are engineers so figure out how I did
Ok, so call me lazy, real lazy !
clamp on your probe, measure a number, and then work to reduce that number by
twice what is needed to meet the limit, then re-test.
Repeat, if necessary.
The really big trick in this process is knowing how to reduce the measured
number of the problem that has
Most of the "front" text states that these are the minimum requirements to
place a product on the market.
If a product is designed to meet only the minimum requirements to be placed on
the market ...
Well, if the sales and volumes are not good, - due to minimal performance ...
loser !
Every
Korea generally requires in country testing, or testing by a limited number of
approved labs out of the country.
From: Bill Stumpf
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Monday, December 28, 2015 10:19 AM
Subject: Re: [PSES] EN 55035/CISPR35
#yiv5514223977
Somewhere in the references at the end, you might find which devices that these
standards apply to.
There are number of exceptions. And there may have been changes since doc was
published.In the past I have emailed Victor with questions.- Bill
From: Scott Douglas
Have you determined that it is the stick and not the host?If the problem is
just this brand of stick, then there are some layout issues that can be re-done
to reduce or eliminate the issue. As James mentions, if there is an imbalance
in the differential signal, that will generate a radiated
Digital company
5601 Great Oaks Pkwy
San Jose, CA 95119-1003
ravinder.ajm...@hgst.com
From: Bill Owsley [mailto:00f5a03f18eb-dmarc-requ...@ieee.org]
Sent: Friday, March 20, 2015 10:52 AM
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: [PSES] USB and radiated emission issues Have you
way back, we moved from star washers, inside or outside teeth to serrated
heads, and in all cases, the surfaces had to be masked from any painting or
coating process, that was not part of the metal passivization.
Several vendors supplied parts painted with powder coat epoxy and no parts were
So far... it seems that the impedance of the lab bench source drops the voltage
below what will sustain the arc across the short circuit of the breakdown. And
so the waveform looks like a spark gap or lightning. Lots of on and offs in
quick succession. ps. we had to use 'reinforced' fuses in
Framed and posted in the lab !
From: Brian Oconnell oconne...@tamuracorp.com
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Tuesday, December 2, 2014 12:10 PM
Subject: Re: [PSES] EMC test lab errors
This is art; it shall be framed.
Brian
From: Ed Price [mailto:edpr...@cox.net]
Sent:
Yes sir they can fail to a short circuit. And some do it gradually so you can
watch it happen.We were amazed and watched it over and over, having never seen
anything like it before.It started with brief pulses of over voltage in an AC
application, No DC to continue the brief arc. After the
For the FCC as noted in the post, special equipment, that is the stuff needed
to pass the test, must be supplied with the equipment with instructions for
using it. For example, the ferrites originally mentioned. In the EU, this
has been held to be too complicated for the common consumer and
Thanks to all.
We have several leads to follow.
- Bill
-
This message is from the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society emc-pstc
discussion list. To post a message to the list, send your e-mail to
emc-p...@ieee.org
All
So while I know of some companies doing this, and have used a few as well, Can
anyone recommend an on-site calibration service? I'm in south FL.
Off line replies are welcome.
Thanks,
Bill
-
This message is from the IEEE Product
most any local building supply retailer can provide a several types of foam in
all sorts of thicknesses. Get a mechanical engineer to look at the supplies
and design a table whatever foam he chooses.
We used big blocks of 'Styrofoam' and 2 inch thick sheets of packing foam cut
to form an
Only if it frequency sweeps down instead of or as well as the common up sweep.
Intuitivily, one notices that this sweeps the fundamental freq as the leading
signal and that the harmonics just follow along in the already swept regions.
Any discovered problem will be due to the fudamental and not
Was this response on the KDB, the Knowledge Data Base?
If so, what is the number?
That is where the FCC makes rulings on a near day to day bases.
And those reasons are very similar to the ones given for the EU requirement.
From: Bell, Chad chad_b...@bose.com
Indeed... the protection scheme that passes Safety, causes the system to 'fail
safe' which does not meet the EMC immunity requirements.
The previous 'remove the protection from the circuit for the hi-pot test' seem
to have been removed. Now the IGBT's serve to cause the fuse to go open, which
GDT internal spacing? not if a gas tight tube.
External terminals for sure, but internal not, because the internal pressure
does not go to altitude.
It remains at the same pressure, unlike parts open to the environment.
BUT, when an agency and their personnel are involved, there is no telling
Make a building far larger than a 10 meter OATS. Then inside the walls of that
building add layer upon layer of cones and tiles until you get well over 60 dB
of attenuation of ambient signals. The reciprocal applies.
The common and likely cheaper chambers of today, make a Faraday shield and
Make a building far larger than a 10 meter OATS. Then inside the walls of that
building add layer upon layer of cones and tiles until you get well over 60 dB
of attenuation of ambient signals. The reciprocal applies.
The common and likely cheaper chambers of today, make a Faraday shield and
The big three auto makers have some chambers !
Stand alone ? Too big to tell from where I was.
But given the materials needed and the construction techniques... A
stand-alone would be a covered OATS.
For the normal shielded chambers, an environmental building would need to
surround it for
For the USA, any electrical signal above 9 kHz meets the requirement to be
tested.
I think we will find similar for the EU.
EN 300 330, or 300 440, or something like that.
It has power and a switch and generates frequencies above the lower limit - it
gets tested.
ps. that means the device will
you have anticipated the answers and elimintated them in your details, then
finished with the conclusion.
plastics have a nasty mechanical 'skin effect' that requires in all cases I've
chased, a mechanical process to remove the 'skin' and expose the conductivity.
Even tried some experiments at
electrically conductive and thermally insulative material to use as a gasket.
Yah, I know... I can't write that with a straight face !!!
- Bill
-
This message is from the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society emc-pstc
.yahoo.com,
dated Tue, 11 Jun 2013, Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com writes:
electrically conductive and thermally insulative material to use as a
gasket.
Yah, I know... I can't write that with a straight face !!!
It may not be impossible. See, for example:
http://phys.org/news/2011-07-bristol-physicists
, to single ground set of chassis, and then stepped up the CBN,
common bonding network of a single ground room. Now to go see everyone else
says!
From: ce-test, qualified testing bv - Gert Gremmen g.grem...@cetest.nl
To: Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com; d
, 2013 3:35 AM
Subject: Re: Single Point Grounding - Not Achievable at High Frequencies
(greater than a few MHz)
In message 1369105334.30674.yahoomail...@web160401.mail.bf1.yahoo.com,
dated Mon, 20 May 2013, Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com writes:
Dr. Tom Van Doren demonstrates that single point
a blast shield but the damn pieces bouncing off the walls and
ceiling still got to me!
From: Aldous, Scott scott.ald...@aei.com
To: Joe Randolph j...@randolph-telecom.com; ri...@ieee.org
ri...@ieee.org
Cc: Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com; EMC-PSTC
A few decades ago when an intern, called co-op back then, a customer complaint
came in that they had been shocked by the power plug after pulling it from the
wall. No way said the engineers! Hey co-op go test this. We it
turns out there can be the peak voltage left on the pins of
Dr. Tom Van Doren demonstrates that single point grounding is not possible
above the audio frequencies.
Thus the lower cutoff in the regulations of 9 kHz. And that is really old
school...
From: Doug Smith d...@emcesd.com
To: Si-List
I'm running into a dilemma. Not being a Safety Engineer myself, but rubbing
elbows with them...
On a piece of ITE equipment, I need some surge suppression for worldwide
markets with one annoying requirement for 4 kV, otherwise just 2 kV line to
earth, and using either plugable cords or
From: Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com
Reply-To: Bill Owsley wdows...@yahoo.com
Date: Sun, 28 Apr 2013 19:22:49 -0700 (PDT)
To: Ken Javor ken.ja...@emccompliance.com, EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: Mode-stirred, Mode-tuned, Reverb
The large size you mention rings a faint bell of memory...
There was some caution about using a chamber at frequencies above its first
resonance which is based on size.
The peaks and nulls of the multi-modal chamber then skew the reverb pattern
along those peaks and nulls.
Do I remember
Way back once upon a time, we had tested a shielded chamber, that needed,
according to the spec's, a SE higher than some number like you mention. Our
initial testing revealed a few weak points. The several re-designs fixed
those, but the purchase spec for the interface panel to the outside
I suspect that there is a little bit more to Safety testing than just the
electricity.
Using SELV to brush off all Safety evaluations might be taking a risk.
From: John Woodgate j...@jmwa.demon.co.uk
To: EMC-PSTC@LISTSERV.IEEE.ORG
Sent: Monday, April 29,
The debate amongst the proponents that I heard concerned the concept or idea of
matching, or not , test program cycle time with paddle cycle time. The tuned
folks argued that the paddle should stop at each step for a program cycle time,
then there was the debate over how big is each step. At
I know of personal testimony that the discharge from my pointed finger is much
more intense than the doorknob.
If you wear the right combination of materials and shoes and carpet and weather
when approaching someone working on earthed machines, the two inch spark will
cause them to
5 watts is licensed. 1 watt and less is unlicensed - maybe.
handheld voice communication is limited, a lot,
In general, spurious cannot be any higher than intentional.
As long as both are below 15.209.
Note peak limits too!
and the restrictied bands of 15.205?
which incudes harmonics - in my
A couple of references... I get news from all over the place and may have
mixed a couple of items.
http://www.incompliancemag.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=1490:fcc-proposes-changes-to-equipment-approval-process-catid=1:latest-newsItemid=19
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