Re: Apple-Crop: Hail damage

[david kollas]

Tommie,

	I thought hail was not one of orcharding's perils in Oregon.  In 
what part of the state

are you gambling?

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT
On Saturday, June 23, 2007, at 11:43 AM, Peter and Tommie wrote:

Our sympathy on the damage sustained from hail. We know what it's like 
as we had hail damage 3 consecutive years when the apples were about 1 
1/2 diameter. Only 3 minutes of hail and the apples looked like they 
had been rolled in gravel. The marks on Ginger Golds and Grimes Golden 
were the most unsightly.
We did some thinning and found foliage had protected at least some of 
the crop. The damage was usually only skin deep and I would demonstrate 
that to customers. We sold the damaged apples at a reduced price.

 
Tommie van de Kamp
Oregon

Re: Apple-Crop: Fruit cracking/splitting

[david kollas]

Since this fruit-cracking topic appeared, along with the photos, I have 
found two 30 year old Empire trees on which a single branch or scaffold 
has produced several fruits with symptoms apparently identical to those 
in the photos from Maine. On one tree about 4 inches length of the 
branch base, where connected to the central leader, was 90% girdled by 
dead bark, possibly an infection from a small pruning wound there.  In 
the other tree, the affected scaffold showed a significant percentage of 
older leaves that were small and rolled, some with white chlorosis along 
central rib. More recent leaves looked normal. Other scaffolds on the 
tree were normal, and only the abnormal scaffold produced cracked fruit. 
These observations suggest to me that nutritional
deficiency of some sort may be involved, in these cases, related to poor 
movement of water
and/or other nutrients in the vascular system. From now on, if I find 
more examples, I will
look for signs of injury, such as winter freezing, drought, disease, or 
physical damage to

tissues that carry nutrients to the affected fruit.

Absence of any comment by others of nutrient-stress indicators on 
Karmijn may indicate that

we are looking at very different disorders.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, Connecticu

On Friday, August 3, 2007, at 06:11 AM, Con.Traas wrote:


Richard,
I do get similar cracking on my Karmijn from time to time, but not with 
too much severity, so I never went into it too carefully. It is clearly 
year-dependant, but why is a more difficult issue. I have not associated
the problem with cold post blossom weather, as we often get that, but 
perhaps it is a factor. I think wet summer weather may play a part also.
I do feel that the trees with a lighter set are more prone, as are 
trees that don't get a program on GA4+7 for russet reduction. However, 
the crop load on trees getting the GA treatment is usually higher than 
that on trees which do not get it, so whether it is an indirect or 
direct effect of the GA is difficult to guess.
I do also feel that there are some trees that seem more prone 
year-on-year than others. Is this clonal variation, or a rootstock 
effect, or could there be a contributing latent virus, either in the 
rootstock or scion?
As you can see, I am contributing no answers to your question; only 
more questions. However, I do think that treating the tree in such a 
way to maximise crop load (which is seldom too heavy on Karmijn) 
reduces the problem.
By the way, I was intrigued to read that Derry's Karmijn are under 
cover. I would love to hear more about this.

Con Traas
The Apple Farm
Ireland


-Original Message-
From: apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Richard J. Ossolinski
Sent: 27 July 2007 12:36
To: Apple-Crop
Subject: Re: Apple-Crop: Fruit cracking/splitting


Thanks for the response, Derry, though the mystery remains unresolved,
as, FWIW, we had no unusually cold weather here just after bloom.  Fun,
though, ain't it?
Richard
On Jul 27, 2007, at 1:33 AM, derrybill wrote:


Richatrd,

I've had the same cracks in my russeted apples : Golden Russet, St
Edmunds Pippin and Roxbury Russet.

I think this cracking is different from the cracking seen on Cox's
Orange which usually is circular around the calyx and usually appears
later in the season.

I sometimes see the circular cracking in Karmijns and I associate it
with the Cox's Orange parentage.

I spoke to Ed Fackler about this a few years ago. In particular I was
discussing Hudson's Golden Gem another russeted apple.

Ed thought the cracking was associated with cold weather just after
bloom i.e. as the young apple was developing.

I do not have cracking in my Karmijns but my Karmijns are all under
cover so they are somewhat protected from the cold temps after
pollination. My russeted apples are in the open.

Richard, in a separate email, I will attach some jpgs of cracked
russeted apples. I don't have cracks in any other apples.
I noticed the cracks in early July, but I'm sure the cracks were there
from at least early June.

I have temporarily misplaced my pollination chart for 2007, but it was
approximately to the first ten days in May.

Derry Walsh
South Coastal B.C.
http://derrysorchardandnursery.ca




Richard J. Ossolinski wrote:

Anyone have a clue as to what causes this splitting/cracking?
(Thanks to Glen Koehler at UMO for creating this link)

http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/apple/nosearch/cracked-apples-Oz.htm



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Re: Apple-Crop: Paula Red - Water Core Problem

[David Kollas]

The most common form of watercore seems to correlate to fruit  
maturity, but sorbitol accumulation that results in translucent fruit  
flesh is not always maturity-related. A striking example of this  
occurs in my very light-cropping Macoun this season.
A significant percentage , maybe 15%, of the apples have shown  
translucence since the middle of July.  It goes deep, but the seed  
cavities that I have looked at have not been filled with liquid.   
Several weeks ago, many of these fruits were
exuding droplets of sticky liquid on their skin surface.  I have seen  
examples of these symptoms other years in several varieties, but not  
to the extent I see this year.  I  assume the light crop has  
something to do with it, but surely there
is more involved than that.  The light crop is the consequence of  
excessive response of an extremely heavy fruit set to thinning spray.  
Apogee was used as well, and I don't know if that influenced  
watercore development.


David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT
On Aug 18, 2007, at 9:09 AM, Jon Clements wrote:

Joanne, watercore is a physiological disorder whose cause is many  
and not terribly well understood. Suffice it to say, it should clue  
you off to a few things:


1.) It is a good indicator of maturity, in this case over-maturity.  
Watercore fruit should be harvested ASAP.


2.) It may be an indicator of low calcium levels in the fruit --  
fruit seem to be large this year on average, we have had plenty of  
rain, so calcium levels in fruit may be low despite our efforts to  
supply calcium. Our Paulared crop in Belchertown is very heavy,  
further exacerbating the problem. I am not sure if we can implicate  
Apogee use in any of this?


3.) Water core fruit should not be stored if you can avoid it.

4.) Some cultures place a premium on watercore ('Honeycore') fruit,  
particularly for example Fuji. Of course this makes sense given  
that it is a sign of mature fruit, hence high in sugars and  
complexity of flavor.


For a more complete explanation on the phenomenon, see:

http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pgDisplay.php?article=N3I4A

Good luck and don't sweat it too much.

Jon

Jon Clements
Extension Tree Fruit Specialist
UMass Cold Spring Orchard
393 Sabin Street
Belchertown, MA  01007
VOICE 413.478.7219
FAX 413.323.0382
IM mrhoneycrisp
Skype Name mrhoneycrisp


On Aug 18, 2007, at 7:40 AM, JOANNE DINARDO wrote:


We have experienced water core in about 30% of our Paula Red Apples.
They are in two different blocks in the orchard and the problem  
exists

throughout the crop. The problem is on small and large apples and on
almost ripe and over ripe apples. The only different chemical that  
was

used this year was Appogee. We applied calcium as a nutrient but have
done so consistently over the years.

In seven years we have never experienced this problem. Has anyone  
else

checked on their crop? Has anyone else experienced this under these
unique growing conditions.

Thanks
Joanne DiNardo
Sholan Farms
Leominster, Mass
978-870-


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Apple-Crop: drought and glyphosate

[David Kollas]

		I am wondering about the value of applying Roundup herbicide to a  
mixture of grasses and broadleaf weeds in a block of apple orchard  
that is very drysome weeds show wilt.  The Roundup label 
(WeatherMax) indicates that addition of ammonium sulfate ...may  
increase the performance
of the product, particularly underdrought conditions... on annual  
and perennial weeds.
	I typically include a liquid ammonium sulfate product  
Choice Weather Master with glyphosate, but have avoided application  
when soils
are very dry, thinking it would be wasted expense.  Would anyone care  
to comment on experience with glyphosate applied during drought?


David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT



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Apple-Crop: Cold-hardiness of Bud 54-118 apple rootstock

[David Kollas]

Others may care to read of (and comment on?)  my experience with cold  
injury to the Russian apple rootstock, Bud 54-118.   Bud 54-118 is  
marketed by the shortened name,  Bud 118 in the USA, although Bud 118  
is the proper name of a different rootstock in the Budagovsky series  
and is not available in the USA (Loren Tukey, personal communication,  
1996).  Bud 54-118 is considered very cold hardy in Russia and  
northern Europe.  It is semi-vigorous, roughly comparable in vigor to  
MM 111.


In early April 2008, in a 15 year old one-acre block of Macoun and  
Mutsu apples (302 trees/acre) grafted at 5 feet above ground to young  
trunks of either Bud 54-118 or Cortland on Polish #1 (Cortland/P1), I  
discovered long (1-4 feet), deep vertical cracks in trunk bark of  
some trees on Bud.  Cracks, frequently 2 or 3 per tree, were in the  
rootstock portion of the trunk, below the fruiting variety.  Bark  
along crack edges was nailed down, and wounds were covered with Doc  
Farwell’s “Seal and Heal.”  Over the next several weeks more cracking  
became evident, and was similarly treated.  This injury was found  
only on the Macoun/Bud combination;  none was present on Mutsu/ 
Cortland/P1, or Macoun/Cortland/P1.  Trunkbark cracks were more  
common on the south half, but similar cracks could be found on the  
shaded side.  No bark cracking was found in the Macoun portion of the  
trees.


By the end of the2008 growing season, about a dozen trees were  
obviously dead, or had one or more dead scaffolds.  Many of the  
remaining Macoun/Bud trees dropped foliage before, during, or soon  
after harvest.  Affected Bud trees have extensive areas of dead  
cambium and loosening or missing bark.  Nailing and painting was of  
minimal or no benefit.  At this time it appears that 25-50% of the  
trees on Bud will be lost.  Macoun/Cortland/P1 and Mutsu/Cortland/P1  
show no similar damage, although several trees of each variety have  
mostly minor “southwest sunscald’  (dead bark) extending not more  
than 18 inches above ground level.


Below are my current interpretations of these observation; but first,  
some notes on conditions that could have contributed to the injury.


(1)  The winter of 2007-2008 was relatively mild at my site in  
Connecticut, with near-zero F temperatures only on January 3 and 4 (2  
and 4F), February 11 (7F), and February 29 (5F).


(2)   All trees  in the block were pruned between January 29 and  
February 9.


(3)   Snow covered the ground at the times of the low temperatures,  
and mostly clear skies prevailed each of the days immediately prior  
to the four low temperatures.


(4)   All trees on Bud were grafted much higher on the rootstock than  
is typical in commercial orchards and this exposed the Russian stock  
to air temperatures  and warming sunlight a full 5 feet above ground.


(5)   The P1 rootstocks were grafted low, to Cortland, and these  
young Cortland trees were then grafted to Macoun or Mutsu at 5 feet  
above ground in the year following transplant from nursery to  
orchard.  No Cortland branches were allowed to develop.  The Corland/ 
P1 graft union was buried beneath the soil line when trees were set  
in the orchard….enabling scion-rooting of Cortland


Bud trees responded badly to conditions that produced little or no  
injury to Cortland/P1 trunks, indicating that Bud bark and cambium  
were more cold tender.  Cropping and tree vigor in the previous year,  
based upon my recollection, would not have been a factor.  Perhaps  
the difference is in the number of chilling hours needed to bring the  
trees out of physiological rest.  Might the Bud trees have a  
significantly shorter chilling requirement than Cortland/P1?  My  
maximum-minimum temperature records indicate that there were about  
546 hours below 45F in November; 720 hours in December, and 48 hours  
in January prior to the first cold night, January3.  If that was  
sufficient  to break rest in the Bud trees, the 4 days with maximums  
of 50-62F in the first 11 days of January would probably have  
stimulated some growth activity in those Bud trees.  I think it  
unlikely that injury was initiated by the early January cold, because  
at that time none of the trees had been pruned.  In other years, in  
other block, I have found that only dormant-pruned trees have shown  
winter trunk injury.  The block containing Bud trees was pruned just  
prior to the February 11 cold.  It seems reasonable to me that injury  
was inflicted on February 11 (4F) or February 29 (5F), or both.


David Kollas,  Tolland,Connecticut,  February 4, 2009

Re: Apple-Crop: For Discussion: Pesticide Applications Rates and Tree Row Volume

[David Kollas]

Jonathan:
	 Safe use of the Tree Row Volume (TRV) concept rests upon the  
assumption that there is a known relationship between tree row volume  
and volume of water required to give
100% wetting of all foliage when spray is applied under the  
conditions routinely used in a given orchard.  I think it is  
reasonable to doubt that such a relationship is
known by every grower for his particular situation.  It is just as  
reasonable to doubt that any such relationship between TRV and Dilute  
Water Volume will be the same
for every orchard.  The volume of water that impinges on tree  
surfaces is affected by tractor speed, wind speed and direction,  
distance of tree surfaces from the sprayer,
spray droplet mass, density of shoots, limbs, and foliage;  
arrangement of limbs and foliage in regard to how it interferes with  
open access to spray penetrationand so forth.
How all of these factors work together to result in a particular  
Dilute Water Volume per acre, can be assessed with the use of  
commercially available water sensitive papers
placed throughout the tree. Alternatively, the papers may be placed  
only where coverage is critical, but difficult.


	Drive past the decorated tree, spraying with all the same settings  
as will be used for pesticide application, but apply water only.   
Drive several alleys with the water spray...
all of those from which significant drift would reach the water  
sensitive papers.  Obviously, the determined Dilute Water Volume will  
vary according to the time of year the
test is done, so such tests should be repeated as foliage density  
increases;  or some reasonable means of estimating the consequence of  
foliage density should be used.
	In using the water-sensitive papers technique, I think it best to  
set the sprayer at the gallons per acre rate that you will use in  
your pesticide applications.  That is,
if you apply 50 gallons per acre in an Apple Maggot spray in a given  
block, do the water test for that block at 50 gallons per acre  
settings.  Drive as many passes in the test
row as needed to produce a nearly 100% blue color of the least-wetted  
papers in the tree. Then calculate the Dilute Water Volume, e.g. 50  
gallons per acre X 4 passes = 200 gal/Acre.
Use a pesticide rate that will apply the label-recommended ounces per  
200 gallon acre in the 50 gallon volume that you use per acre.  Any  
pesticide reductions you take for lack of
run-off are at your own risk, until you have determined from  
experience that such reduction may be justified.
	This determination takes time, but if you do it, you may be  
surprised to discover considerable disagreement with the Dilute Water  
Volume values that you had assumed,

 based upon table values of TRV versus Dilute Water Volume.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT

On Jan 15, 2010, at 12:58 PM, Jonathan B. Bishop wrote:

I am wondering how other growers/subscribers to this list determine  
rates of application for pesticides to fruit trees on your farms.  
We have used the Tree Row Volume methodology since the 1960’s  
without any adverse effects. Explanations of Tree Row Volume (TRV)  
and methods for calculating it appear in virtually every pest  
management guide that is published, so I had assumed that this  
practice was pretty much the industry standard. That is until this  
season when I became aware that some pesticide manufacturers do not  
recognize it or allow it to be used in determining the application  
rate of their products.


We suffered extremely high incidence of damage from Apple Maggot in  
2009 while using DuPont’s insecticide, Avaunt for control of the  
pest. An investigation by DuPont determined that I was at fault  
because by using Tree Row Volume I had applied the product at less  
than the specified rate per acre (planted acre). They did not  
assert that I had made in error in calculating TRV, but I was at  
fault simply by the fact that I had used the methodology at all.


My contention is that I had applied the required 6 oz. rate in 50  
gallons of water ( 6X concentration on a 300 gallon dilute tree),  
but had reduced the amount of gallons applied to different blocks  
of trees based on the smaller size of the trees. Since fruit trees  
are three dimensional objects, I liken the principle behind Tree  
Row Volume to painting houses. If you have two houses on one acre  
lots, one being a 5000 square foot house and the other a 2500  
square foot house, you don’t apply the same amount of paint to both  
structures just because they are both houses on one acre lots! You  
would (hopefully) require less paint to give the same level of  
coverage on the smaller structure as a larger amount would give on  
the big one.


This is not, apparently, the logic used by the chemical  
manufacturers in determining the per acre rates for their products  
and what I have learned from my experience with DuPont is that if a  
grower in any way reduces the rate of product applied

Re: Apple-Crop: Re: a question about bud terminology

[David Kollas]

Harold:

		I was too quick in hitting the Send button.  I should have taken  
the time to discover
	Zielinski included also, classification of buds, on page 79.  It  
evidently does not recognize

shoot initials in apple and pear as components of their buds:

Classification of Buds
1.  Wood or leaf buds, which develop into leafy shoots.
2.  Fruit buds, which are of 2 kinds:
			a. Simple buds, which develop into one flower (peach, apricot,  
almond) or several flowers (cherry, plum).
			b. Mixed buds, which develop into a cluster of leaves and flowers  
together (apple, pear).


David Kollas

On Jan 17, 2010, at 10:33 AM, Harold J. Larsen wrote:

The discussion about TRV has been most interesting, but I have  
another question about bud terminology.


Within the Rose family, we have crops that have differing types of  
flower-containing buds:
  - a single flower, no shoots -- Apricot, peach, and nectarine  
(plus some individual buds on plum)
  - multiple flowers, no shoots -- sweet  tart cherry (+ other  
cherries), plums (most buds)

  - multiple flowers + shoot initial -- apples  pears

The first category, I believe, is termed a simple bud.
The third category, I believe, is a type of compound bud termed a  
mixed bud


But what is the plant anatomical / horticultural term  for the  
second category?  I had viewed it as a compound bud because of the  
multiple flower initials, but the typical example used for a  
compound bud is grape (Vitaceae) which has a primary, secondary,  
and tertiary bud all enclosed within the bud scales at each node.   
I have NOT been able to find any source of reference with a term  
for the cherry and plum type of complex bud.


Any ideas / references out there???  I have been putting together  
an Extension document on evaluating cold injury damage to fruit  
buds and the evaluation process differs between the bud types.  So  
use of some terms would be helpful in shortening it.  The intent is  
to have it both in printed form and as a PDF document on the web.   
So I'd really like to have the terminology to be correct!


Thanks much!

Harold L.

--
Dr. Harold Larsen, Interim Manager - WCRC
Res. Pathologist  Ext. Fruit Dis. Specialist
Colo. St. Univ., WCRC - Orchard Mesa
3168  B  1/2  Road
Grand Junction, CO  81503-9621
Ph:  (970) 434-3264, x-205
FAX:  (970) 434-1035
EMail:  harold.lar...@colostate.edu




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Apple-Crop: Variety restrictions in European Union?

[David Kollas]

	A customer at our farm retail store today related that a recent  
visitor from England
told him that he could no longer buy his favorite apple variety in  
England, Cox Orange
Pippin.  It was his understanding, he said, that commercial growers  
in England were
restricted to growing a certain few varieties.  He thought this was a  
restriction related
to England's membership in the European Union.  I would be quite  
surprised to learn
that this is true, but have been unsuccessful with my Google search  
so far. Surely some

Apple Crop readers can clear the confusion?

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT, USA



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Re: Apple-Crop: AI nozzles for airblast sprayers

[David Kollas]

Mo:

		You must get some pretty interesting results with thinners applied  
at a constant active ingredient per acre!


David Kollas
Kollas Orchard,
Tolland, CT


On Apr 3, 2010, at 6:56 PM, Mo Tougas wrote:

We are using a sprayer controller, and so the pressure varies block  
to block depending upon row spacing, speed, tree height, etc.  That  
is of course where the challenge lies, finding nozzles that will  
deliver over a range of pressures to meet the mix of training  
systems we have. So the range is 75 psi to 200 psi.  To my dismay,  
we spray at 50 or 100 gpa, depending on what material we are  
spraying. We'd like to be doing a better job of using TRV, but when  
we add the complications of guessing the intents of some of the  
label rates, together with our mishmash of plantings, we're  
settling in at rate per acre, regardless of the acre.  Someday we  
will have the technology to read the tree's canopy in terms of  
density, and we'll do a better job.


Mo Tougas
On Apr 3, 2010, at 10:43 AM, Jill Kelly wrote:

I have about 1/3 24' rows. 1/3 18' rows and the last 1/3 are 15'  
rows.  What pressure and GPA do you operate at Mo?


Thanks, Art
- Original Message - From: Mo Tougas m...@tougasfarm.com
To: Apple-Crop apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
Sent: Saturday, April 03, 2010 6:37 AM
Subject: Re: Apple-Crop: AI nozzles for airblast sprayers


Hi Art

We've been using the Albuz and spraying systems AI nozzles for  
several seasons now. We'd been using them for herbicides and for  
spraying strawberries for years and were quite satisfied.
Two years ago we started using them in airblast sprayers. We've  
found that they are a bit limited there. The droplets are heavy,  
and we feel that 16' row spacing is about as far as we can go and  
get uniform overage. Past that, and pattern has not been  
satisfactory. I'd suggest caution. Use a couple in the top  
positions on your sprayer, and be sure to use water sensitive  
paper in your trees to be sure you are happy.


Mo Tougas
Tougas Family Farm,LLC
Northborough, MA

On Apr 2, 2010, at 8:14 PM, Arthur Kelly wrote:


Hi all,
I am considering switching over to air induction nozzles for  
my orchard sprayer.  What is the experience so far in terms of  
pressure, gallons per acre, the effect of row spacing and tree  
size etc?  Does anyone have any suggestions?


Art Kelly
Kelly Orchards
Acton, Me




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Apple-Crop: Apogee: cracking?

[David Kollas]

I would like to hear more about Apogee-induced cracking of Empire.
Does anyone know the particular set of circumstances that result in  
cracking?


	I have safely used one or two applications at 4 ounces per 100  
gallons on
Empire a couple of years, but, having heard of possible cracking, I  
have not
used the 3rd or 4th sprays that would be needed for good vegetative  
control of

my trees on MM106.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, Connecticut


On Dec 6, 2010, at 9:50 PM, Balsillie wrote:

Just for interest, it seems this mystery disease is solved, but we  
had some
Empire apples treated with Agogee last year that looked very  
similar.  Learn

from our mistakes!





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Re: Apple-Crop: Apogee: cracking?

[David Kollas]

Win:

Thank you for those ref's..at 1:03AM!

David

On Dec 7, 2010, at 12:39 AM, Win Cowgill wrote:


Apogee should not be used on Empire.
Work done in NJ and NY confirmed this. See the 2003 winter issue of  
NY FRuit Quarterly

http://www.nyshs.org/fq.php
and

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheNcpsidt=15267305

Win Cowgill
Win Cowgill
Editor Horticultural News
Professor and Area Fruit Agent
Department Head
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon County
PO Box 2900
Flemington, NJ 08822-2900
Office 908-788-1339
Cell- 908-489-0207
Fax- 908-806-4735
Email: cowg...@njaes.rutgers.edu
http://www.virtualorchard.net/win/
http://www.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/hortnews

On Dec 6, 2010, at 11:41 PM, David Kollas wrote:




I would like to hear more about Apogee-induced cracking of Empire.
Does anyone know the particular set of circumstances that result  
in cracking?


	I have safely used one or two applications at 4 ounces per 100  
gallons on
Empire a couple of years, but, having heard of possible cracking,  
I have not
used the 3rd or 4th sprays that would be needed for good  
vegetative control of

my trees on MM106.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, Connecticut


On Dec 6, 2010, at 9:50 PM, Balsillie wrote:

Just for interest, it seems this mystery disease is solved, but  
we had some
Empire apples treated with Agogee last year that looked very  
similar.  Learn

from our mistakes!





- 
-


The 'Apple-Crop' LISTSERV is sponsored by the Virtual  
Orchardhttp://www.virtualorchard.net and managed by Win Cowgill  
and JonClements webmas...@virtualorchard.net.


Apple-Crop is not moderated. Therefore, the statements do not  
representofficial opinions and the Virtual Orchard takes no  
responsibility forthe content.










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Apple-Crop is not moderated. Therefore, the statements do not  
representofficial opinions and the Virtual Orchard takes no  
responsibility forthe content.










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Apple-Crop is not moderated. Therefore, the statements do not represent 
official opinions and the Virtual Orchard takes no responsibility for 
the content.

Re: [apple-crop] Field day in Québec on July 14th.

[David Kollas]

Vincent:

Ideas for alternative application methods have been going through my  
mind, off and on, for many years, though I was not aware
that sprinklers were being used in northern Italy...or anywhere  
else.  Calibration, uniformity of coverage, avoidance of waste,
residual pesticide formulation within the distribution system, and  
rinsing are problems that would seem to require attention. Having
not actually tested any prototypes myself, I don't know to what  
degree these problems limit practicality.


David
On Jun 14, 2011, at 9:54 AM, Vincent Philion wrote:
Hi! sure = everything is public domain =

This is the 2nd year of the trial. In 2010, we had very low insect/ 
disease pressure. This is highly unusual, but serves as good proof of  
Murphy's law = start an experiment on a severe problem and... it goes  
away. ;-)


This year = plenty of scab to observe in our control plots. A little  
bit early in the game, but it seems plots sprayed with either a  
regular sprayer or the sprinklers both look good.


The orchard is McIntosh on M9 planted 12' x 4' (2004) and we have  
replicated plots for each spraying equipment.


As you probably know, some orchards in South Tyrol have successfully  
used sprinklers for fungicide sprays against apple scab for over 50  
years.


Vincent


Le 2011-06-14 à 09:41, David Kollas a écrit :

Vincent:

	Can you divulge anything concerning the successes or problems with  
the sprinkler application trials at this time?

In what sort of planting is the system installed?

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT USA


On Jun 13, 2011, at 9:03 PM, Vincent Philion wrote:

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Re: [apple-crop] Field day in Québec on July 14th.

[David Kollas]

Vincent:

Ideas for alternative application methods have been going through my  
mind, off and on, for many years, though I was not aware
that sprinklers were being used in northern Italy...or anywhere  
else.  Calibration, uniformity of coverage, avoidance of waste,
residual pesticide formulation within the distribution system, and  
rinsing are problems that would seem to require attention. Having
not actually tested any prototypes myself, I don't know to what  
degree these problems limit practicality.


David
On Jun 14, 2011, at 9:54 AM, Vincent Philion wrote:


Hi! sure = everything is public domain =

This is the 2nd year of the trial. In 2010, we had very low insect/ 
disease pressure. This is highly unusual, but serves as good proof  
of Murphy's law = start an experiment on a severe problem and... it  
goes away. ;-)


This year = plenty of scab to observe in our control plots. A  
little bit early in the game, but it seems plots sprayed with  
either a regular sprayer or the sprinklers both look good.


The orchard is McIntosh on M9 planted 12' x 4' (2004) and we have  
replicated plots for each spraying equipment.


As you probably know, some orchards in South Tyrol have  
successfully used sprinklers for fungicide sprays against apple  
scab for over 50 years.


Vincent


Le 2011-06-14 à 09:41, David Kollas a écrit :



Vincent:

	Can you divulge anything concerning the successes or problems  
with the sprinkler application trials at this time?

In what sort of planting is the system installed?

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT USA


On Jun 13, 2011, at 9:03 PM, Vincent Philion wrote:


Hello fellow Apple-Crop enthusiasts,

No, we don't have Bastille day up here, but we are hosting a  
field day on July 14th. Many things on display, including our new  
fixed sprinkler system for pesticide applications. I understand  
the language barrier might be a problem, but I'm sure many  
bilingual growers will be present and happy to translate things  
in an informal way.


All the details can be found at:

http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/8/Gerald/ 
InvitatioPO2011vergerIRDA.pdf


Don't hesitate to forward this to your colleagues. The event is  
free of charge and includes lunch. However, you must confirm your  
presence ahead of time to get free food!


Hope to see some of you,

à bientôt!

Vincent Philion, agr., M.Sc.
Phytopathologiste
Laboratoire de production fruitière intégrée
Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement

335, Rang des vingt-cinq Est
Case postale 24
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec)  J3V 4P8
Tél. bureau: 450 653-7368 poste 224
Tél. laboratoire: 450 653-7368 poste 229
Cellulaire: 514-623-8275
Télécopie: 450 653-1927

Verger du parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno
330, Rang des vingt-cinq Est
Case postale 24
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec)  J3V 4P8
Téléphone et télécopieur : 450 653-8375
Courriel: vincent.phil...@irda.qc.ca
Site Internet:www.irda.qc.ca

Pour nous trouver:
Laboratoire:
http://maps.google.ca/maps/place?cid=9609486867104665866q=irda 
+pfihl=frsll=45.557814,-73.360476sspn=8.87586,1.961403ie=UTF8ll 
=45.557814,-73.360476spn=0,0z=16


Verger:
http://maps.google.ca/maps/place?cid=11405391288824931904q=verger 
+irdahl=frsll=45.54961,-73.350585sspn=0.012504,0.018389ie=UTF8l 
l=45.54961,-73.350585spn=0,0z=16



Un expert est une personne qui a fait toutes les erreurs qui  
peuvent être faites dans un domaine très étroit.

Niels Bohr

Avez-vous réellement besoin d'imprimer ce courriel? Si oui,  
imprimez-le recto-verso!


AVIS DE CONFIDENTIALITÉ
Ce message peut contenir de l'information de nature privilégiée  
et confidentielle. Si vous n'êtes pas le destinataire visé ou  
croyez l'avoir reçu par erreur, nous vous saurions gré d'en  
aviser l'émetteur. Si ce message vous a été transmis par erreur,  
veuillez le détruire sans en communiquer le contenu à d'autres  
personnes ou le reproduire.


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ATT1..txt


Vincent Philion, agr., M.Sc.
Phytopathologiste
Laboratoire de production fruitière intégrée
Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement

335, Rang des vingt-cinq Est
Case postale 24
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec)  J3V 4P8
Tél. bureau: 450 653-7368 poste 224
Tél. laboratoire: 450 653-7368 poste 229
Cellulaire: 514-623-8275
Télécopie: 450 653-1927

Verger du parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno
330, Rang des vingt-cinq Est
Case postale 24
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec)  J3V 4P8
Téléphone et télécopieur : 450 653-8375
Courriel: vincent.phil...@irda.qc.ca
Site Internet:www.irda.qc.ca

Pour nous trouver:
Laboratoire:
http://maps.google.ca/maps/place?cid=9609486867104665866q=irda 
+pfihl=frsll=45.557814,-73.360476sspn=8.87586,1.961403ie=UTF8ll=4 
5.557814,-73.360476spn=0,0z=16


Verger:
http://maps.google.ca/maps/place?cid=11405391288824931904q=verger

Re: [apple-crop] ledge in tall spindle planting

[David Kollas]

Frank:
Last week I was looking for info on drivers and diggers and found one  
of interest, linked below.
The video shows a driver pounding a pipe into a rock quarry. No  
further description. I wrote
the danuser company an email inquiry but have not received a reply.  
The Danuser Hammer is
expected to be first available in July or August of this year.  
Danuser also has a CRB Rock Auger
that drills 4inch diam holes in Solid and Fracturable Rock. It is  
made for skid-steer eqpt.


Mo's suggestion of a quarter stick dynamite would be cheaper if it  
works. I assume he drills the

ledge to accommodate the explosive.

David Kollas
Tolland, CT


http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=R-fF1ddX3Oofeature=relmfu

On May 23, 2012, at 10:20 AM, Frank Carlson wrote:

We are inquiring if anyone else has hit unexpected ledge in  
anchoring a tall spindle planting?  We are hitting it 18inches  
down, surely not enough to anchor a post in the soil.


One idea we have is to drill a 13/4 inch hole in the ledge and put  
a 12 foot galv steel fence post in, but it is only good for every  
other one because of its strength to bend when you use more than one.


Experience or ideas ?

Thanks,

Frank   Bruce Carlson



Franklyn W. Carlson, Pres.

Carlson Orchards, Inc.

115 Oak Hill Road

P.O.Box 359

Harvard, MA. 01451

617-968-4180 cell

978-456-3916 office



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Re: [apple-crop] native pollinators

[David Kollas]

Jon:
Is there more to say of the leaf-blower alternative?  Is this a 
first-time trial? Problems?

It looks appears to have advantages over the stilts and dabbing 
trials I ran some years ago, though uniformity of set is likely not so good.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, Tolland, CT


On May 2, 2013, at 8:00 PM, Jon Clements wrote:

 Interesting, I was just observing full bloom sweet cherry yesterday afternoon 
 and made a mental note that native bee/pollinator activity seemed to be 
 light. There are no honeybees brought into the orchard yet, we wait for 
 apples. Normally, they (the native pollinators) are really swarming the sweet 
 cherries because they are the only thing in bloom at the time. Today activity 
 seemed lacking again. It's been very dry here, is there any possibility there 
 is a lack of nectar? That might not explain David's observation in Indiana 
 though? Seems to be a theme here, but maybe Mo is right -- just plain natural 
 (i.e. chaotic) population swings?
 
 Anyway, who needs bees? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bsl7sILSGoU
 
 
 On Thu, May 2, 2013 at 11:01 AM, David Doud david_d...@me.com wrote:
 Another casualty of last year's freak weather is the population of native 
 pollinators - my asian pears entered full bloom over the last 48 hours - 
 other years they are surrounded by a cloud of several species of solitary 
 pollinators, this year that activity is roughly 10% of what I am accustomed 
 to observing -
 
 The first apple bloom opened yesterday - 72 hours ago at tight cluster I 
 considered the amount of bloom as 'full' but not particularly remarkable, now 
 bloom has seemingly spontaneously generated to an amount that I cannot 
 remember observing in the past - it's going to be spectacular, but has upped 
 my anxiety about the potential 'big crop of little green apples' - hope 
 thinners are effective
 
 
 
 
 David Doud
 grower IN
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 -- 
 Jon Clements
 aka 'Mr Honeycrisp'
 UMass Cold Spring Orchard
 393 Sabin St.
 Belchertown, MA  01007
 413-478-7219
 umassfruit.com
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[apple-crop] Fwd: Residual pesticide activity

[David Kollas]

Perhaps the sending address I used this morning was wrong.  I am trying another 
now.

Begin forwarded message:

 From: David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net
 Date: July 31, 2013 9:08:52 AM EDT
 To: Apple-crop discussion list apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Bcc: Kollas David kol...@sbcglobal.net
 Subject: Residual pesticide activity
 
 All:
   Surely others know the answer to this question. I must have missed it 
 somewhere.  Does the systemic activity of
 absorbed neonicotinoid sprays Assail and Calypso replace the surface residual 
 that continues to kill Apple Maggot flies 
 entering an Imidan or Guthion-treated orchard days after the application?  Do 
 the neonics provide residual control only by
 systemic tissue-presence which the insect must consume?  Or do Apple Maggot 
 flies get enough active ingredient through 
 their feet to kill them on days-old neonic treatments?  
   The question is relevant in choosing whether, and what pesticide to 
 apply prior to forecast thunderstorms that can 
 remove surface residues.
 
 David Kollas
 Kollas Orchard, Tolland, CT

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Re: [apple-crop] Residual pesticide activity

[David Kollas]

Thank you for that, Peter.

I suppose that if the systemic activity of neonics is sufficient to 
kill Apple Maggot eggs or larvae during a (two week?) period after application, 
and  up to 2 inches rainfall, they could be expected to be as good as 
Imidan or Guthion, regardless of whether the adults are killed by fruit or 
foliar contact.
Or, perhaps female flies are killed by ovipositor contact with systemic 
neonic during egg insertion?  My guess is that such studies have not been made.

David Kollas

On Aug 2, 2013, at 8:55 AM, Peter J. Jentsch wrote:

 Hi David,
 
 John Wise, Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, wrote a very 
 nice piece on the 'Rainfast characteristics of fruit crop insecticides'  that 
 might help to answer these questions. It was posted on June 3, 2013.
 
 http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/rainfast_characteristics_of_fruit_crop_insecticides
 
 All the best,
 
 
 Peter J. Jentsch
 Senior Extension Associate - Entomology
 Department of Entomology
 Cornell University’s Hudson Valley  Lab
 P.O. Box 727, 3357 Rt. 9W
 Highland, NY 12528
 
 Office: 845-691-7151
 Cell: 845-417-7465
 FAX: 845-691-2719
 
 E-mail: p...@cornell.edu
 http://hudsonvf.cce.cornell.edu/bmsb1.html
 http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/jentsch/links.html
 From: apple-crop-boun...@virtualorchard.net 
 [apple-crop-boun...@virtualorchard.net] on behalf of David Kollas 
 [kol...@sbcglobal.net]
 Sent: Wednesday, July 31, 2013 8:50 PM
 To: apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Subject: [apple-crop] Fwd: Residual pesticide activity
 
 Perhaps the sending address I used this morning was wrong.  I am trying 
 another now.
 
 Begin forwarded message:
 
 From: David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net
 Date: July 31, 2013 9:08:52 AM EDT
 To: Apple-crop discussion list apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Bcc: Kollas David kol...@sbcglobal.net
 Subject: Residual pesticide activity
 
 All:
 Surely others know the answer to this question. I must have missed it 
 somewhere.  Does the systemic activity of
 absorbed neonicotinoid sprays Assail and Calypso replace the surface 
 residual that continues to kill Apple Maggot flies 
 entering an Imidan or Guthion-treated orchard days after the application?  
 Do the neonics provide residual control only by
 systemic tissue-presence which the insect must consume?  Or do Apple Maggot 
 flies get enough active ingredient through 
 their feet to kill them on days-old neonic treatments?  
 The question is relevant in choosing whether, and what pesticide to apply 
 prior to forecast thunderstorms that can 
 remove surface residues.
 
 David Kollas
 Kollas Orchard, Tolland, CT
 
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Re: [apple-crop] Residual pesticide activity

[David Kollas]

Thank you, Art.  It is always better to know whether the most-informed 
have the answers; or whether, instead, they are not sure either.

The uncertainty that Reissig expressed in his paper of 2003 apparently 
continues now ten years later. In that paper he indicated the need for 
additional research to assess practical aspects of replacing organophosphates 
with newer chemistries in commercial orchards.

A practical aspect of using Calyso or Assail in leu of Imidan that is 
separate from their mode of action on Apple Maggot, is the 
question of how to incorporate them into a label-compliant 
resistance-management program that includes control of many pests in addition 
to Apple Maggot. 

David


 
On Aug 2, 2013, at 11:53 AM, Arthur M. Agnello wrote:

 Hi David,
 
 Harvey Reissig did a study on the efficacy of some of the newer products 
 against apple maggot, and published it some years ago: 
 
 Reissig, W. Harvey.  2003.  Field and Laboratory Tests of New Insecticides 
 Against the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: 
 Tephritidae).   Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (5): 1463-1472 — I will 
 send you a pdf of it in a separate email.  
 
 However, his general findings were that there are no new insecticides that 
 are as effective in controlling AM as the organophosphates, particularly in 
 “high pressure situations”.  It is also true that most of the new materials 
 are not as directly toxic to the flies as the OPs, and the efficacy of many 
 these new materials appears to be due to their ability to prevent flies from 
 ovipositing as long as they are in contact with their residues.  We really 
 don’t know the mechanism of this mode of action, but in many laboratory 
 bioassays the flies will not lay eggs on treated apples, although they remain 
 alive.  So far, we would say that in most normal US orchards, which are 
 presumed to be initially free from internal AM infestations and are not near 
 abandoned orchards and other large sources of unsprayed host trees, we have 
 not seen control failures or even increased damage in orchards that are not 
 treated with organophosphates, although AM catches in monitoring traps placed 
 along the edges of these orchards appears to be higher than when they were 
 sprayed with organophosphates.
 
 As far as efficacy, Calypso is definitely the most effective of the new 
 insecticides, followed by Assail.  Delegate and Altacor also have some 
 activity, but would probably not provide control in orchards with internal 
 infestations or those that are near heavy unsprayed sources of infestations.
 
 Art
 
 --
 Arthur M. Agnello
 Professor and Extension Tree Fruit Entomologist
 Dept. of Entomologya...@cornell.edu
 N.Y.S. Agric. Expt. Sta.Tel: 315-787-2341
 630 W. North St.   Fax: 315-787-2326
 Geneva, NY  14456-1371  
 http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/agnello/links.html
 Scaffolds Fruit Journal online:
 http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/index.html
 
 From: Dave Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net
 Reply-To: Apple-crop discussion list apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Date: Fri, Aug 2 10:44 AM
 To: Apple-crop discussion list apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Subject: Re: [apple-crop] Residual pesticide activity
 
 
 Thank you for that, Peter.
 
 I suppose that if the systemic activity of neonics is sufficient to kill 
 Apple Maggot eggs or larvae during a (two week?) period after application, 
 and  up to 2 inches rainfall, they could be expected to be as good as Imidan 
 or Guthion, regardless of whether the adults are killed by fruit or foliar 
 contact.
 Or, perhaps female flies are killed by ovipositor contact with systemic 
 neonic during egg insertion?  My guess is that such studies have not been 
 made.
 
 David Kollas
 
 On Aug 2, 2013, at 8:55 AM, Peter J. Jentsch wrote:
 
 Hi David,
 
 John Wise, Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, wrote a very 
 nice piece on the 'Rainfast characteristics of fruit crop insecticides'  
 that might help to answer these questions. It was posted on June 3, 2013.
 
 http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/rainfast_characteristics_of_fruit_crop_insecticides
 
 All the best,
 
 
 Peter J. Jentsch
 Senior Extension Associate - Entomology
 Department of Entomology
 Cornell University’s Hudson Valley  Lab
 P.O. Box 727, 3357 Rt. 9W
 Highland, NY 12528
 
 Office: 845-691-7151
 Cell: 845-417-7465
 FAX: 845-691-2719
 
 E-mail: p...@cornell.edu
 http://hudsonvf.cce.cornell.edu/bmsb1.html
 http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/jentsch/links.html
 From: apple-crop-boun...@virtualorchard.net 
 [apple-crop-boun...@virtualorchard.net] on behalf of David Kollas 
 [kol...@sbcglobal.net]
 Sent: Wednesday, July 31, 2013 8:50 PM
 To: apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Subject: [apple-crop] Fwd: Residual pesticide activity
 
 Perhaps the sending address I used this morning was wrong.  I am trying 
 another now.
 
 Begin

Re: [apple-crop] Residual pesticide activity

[David Kollas]

Lorraine

In the past, my insecticides timed for Apple Maggot nearly always 
prevented second generation LAW damage, and always did if 
at least one of those sprays was applied in the last half of August. Having 
been alerted to the success with mating disruption of Oriental Fruit Moth and 
LAW, I will look into mating disruption next year. I could have tried it this 
year, as just today I re-discovered Deborah;s
notice of it in the first issue of this year's Scaffolds Fruit Journal, dated 
March 25.  http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/2013/ page 9-10.
 
This... (Isomate OFM TT Pacific Biocontrol, EPA Reg. No. 53575-29)…twin-tube 
tie dispenser has a field life of 180+ days, and is therefore being recommended 
for full-season mating disruption of oriental fruit moth and lesser appleworm 
in all tree fruits.

David


On Aug 6, 2013, at 4:08 PM, llbuglady llbugl...@gmail.com wrote:

 David,
 
 I have not been following the LAW research since retirement. I was hoping 
 someone would jump in and see that Deborah Breth mentioned the use of Isomate 
 mating disruption for OFM might have effect on LAW.  Does anyone else have 
 any research or observations?
 
 Lorraine Los
 Retired UConn IPM Specialst
 
 On Aug 5, 2013, at 9:03 PM, David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net wrote:
 
 
 
 Lorraine:
 
  Thanks for bringing that up.  I was thinking of using a sex pheromone 
 lure on a sticky trap to monitor LAW,  As I recall,
 you have said that Lesser Appleworm is attracted to the lure used for 
 another moth;  which moth lure would LAW males go for?
 Or do you think a true disruption attempt could replace insecticide?
 
 David
 
 On Aug 5, 2013, at 3:25 PM, llbuglady llbugl...@gmail.com wrote:
 
 What about mating disruption for LAW?  
 
 Lorraine Los
 Retired UConn IPM Specialist
 
 On Aug 5, 2013, at 1:06 PM, David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net wrote:
 
 Glen:
 
My glee at the minimal captures of Apple Maggot on this farm is 
 tempered by my history of Lesser Appleworm.  It has produced significant
 damage to fruit when I have omitted insecticide in August.  Now I am 
 thinking that LAW traps may be needed to justify the insecticide.
 
 David Kollas
 Kollas Orchard
 Tolland, CT
 
 
 On Aug 5, 2013, at 8:35 AM, Glen Koehler glen.koeh...@maine.edu wrote:
 
 Hi Art
 See paragraph in last newsletter.  Bottom line is sugar should also 
 increase efficacy of Assail and possibly Delegate against AM but nobody 
 knows if there would be other problems created by spraying sugar on 
 apples.  I find the slow start to AM catches perplexing.  Only 
 speculation I have to explain it is that they suffered high mortality in 
 winter.  But that might be wishful thinking.  Next few weeks will tell.
 - Glen
 
 On Sun, Aug 4, 2013 at 8:45 AM, Arthur Kelly kellyorcha...@gmail.com 
 wrote:
 There is a recommendation to add sugar when making an application of 
 Assail for SWD on berries to stimulate feeding.  1-2 lbs per hundred gal. 
  What about for apples when using Assail or Delegate for instance?  My 
 understanding is that when first emerged the flies feed.  FYI we trapped 
 the first AM fly on 8/2 here.  Only one on five traps.
 
 Art Kelly
 Kelly Orchards
 Acton, ME
 
 
 On Fri, Aug 2, 2013 at 1:33 PM, David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net wrote:
 
 
   Thank you, Art.  It is always better to know whether the most-informed 
 have the answers; or whether, instead, they are not sure either.
 
   The uncertainty that Reissig expressed in his paper of 2003 apparently 
 continues now ten years later. In that paper he indicated the need for 
 additional research to assess practical aspects of replacing 
 organophosphates with newer chemistries in commercial orchards.
 
   A practical aspect of using Calyso or Assail in leu of Imidan that is 
 separate from their mode of action on Apple Maggot, is the 
 question of how to incorporate them into a label-compliant 
 resistance-management program that includes control of many pests in 
 addition 
 to Apple Maggot. 
 
 David
 
 
  
 On Aug 2, 2013, at 11:53 AM, Arthur M. Agnello wrote:
 
 Hi David,
 
 Harvey Reissig did a study on the efficacy of some of the newer products 
 against apple maggot, and published it some years ago: 
 
 Reissig, W. Harvey.  2003.  Field and Laboratory Tests of New 
 Insecticides Against the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) 
 (Diptera: Tephritidae).   Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (5): 
 1463-1472 — I will send you a pdf of it in a separate email.  
 
 However, his general findings were that there are no new insecticides 
 that are as effective in controlling AM as the organophosphates, 
 particularly in “high pressure situations”.  It is also true that most 
 of the new materials are not as directly toxic to the flies as the OPs, 
 and the efficacy of many these new materials appears to be due to their 
 ability to prevent flies from ovipositing as long as they are in contact 
 with their residues.  We really don’t know

Re: [apple-crop] Apple bins

[David Kollas]

I store apples in modified 6-gallon milk crates, and have noticed that the foul 
odor develops during our 5-month storage
period. It is the same odor that I recall having smelled from fruit in wooden 
crates at Cornell's storages (Ithaca) in the 1960's.
Our storage has never held wooden crates, and the walls have no exposed 
wood except for a few laminated posts supporting the walls. However, we use 
home-made wooden pallets, 2x4 douglas fir on 4x4 pressure-treated pine, to 
support each 10-crate unit. Use of plastic containers in itself does not 
eliminate the odor problem. I don't know whether
they would smell bad if no wood at all were in the room.  The odor does 
disappear with airing.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard,
Tolland, CT
On Sep 19, 2013, at 5:14 PM, Kushad, Mosbah M kus...@illinois.edu wrote:

 I am interested to read the opinion/experience of the group with plastic or 
 wooden and collapsible or non-collapsible bins.   Thanks, Mosbah Kushad, 
 University of Illinois
  
  
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[apple-crop] Migrant Potato Leafhopper control

[David Kollas]

This past season I had continued re-infestation of potato leafhopper in 
young unbudded apple rootstock nursery. Calypso provided control, but only 
until the next population floated in on air currents, presumably from somewhere 
far south of here (Connecticut).  My question is: Are these migrant populations 
subject to resistance development in the same way that local resident insect 
populations are? 
Evidently they are not resistant when they arrive, but to remain within 
label limits of product per season, other neonicotinoid products might be used 
to provide continued control.  Is anyone aware of resistance having developed 
in this pest to neonicotinoids or other pesticides where the pest does not 
survive to pass on its resistance to the next generation?
Does potato leafhopper migrate within, say, New England states, or 
within other Northern apple-growing regions during a growing season?  If so, 
resistance might become a problem regardless of the pest's overwintering 
ability.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, CT
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Re: [apple-crop] Late summer drop and fruit size

[David Kollas]

Vincent:

Maybe the dropping left the LARGER fruits on the tree?  I don't know if 
poor pollination results in both
smaller fruit AND more early drop of the smallest, poorly-seeded fruits, but I 
can suppose it is a possible explanation of your observation.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, CT

On Jan 13, 2014, at 12:12 PM, Vincent Philion vincent.phil...@irda.qc.ca 
wrote:

 Hello, I’m analyzing some data and I have seemingly contradictory results. 
 I’m hoping someone can comment and make sense of this:
 
 For a number of randomly selected trees, fruit drop was recorded starting 
 late summer until harvest. For each tree, we recorded total fruit drop (and 
 weight), harvested fruit (and weight) and the total (drop + harvest). As I 
 was looking at the data, I noticed average harvested fruit size 
 (weight/number) was related to Total fruits per tree… Nothing strange, until 
 I realized harvested fruit size INCREASED with Total fruit number on tree. As 
 if the fruit dropping left more energy for the remaining fruits to grow?
 
 I was expecting harvested fruit size to be smaller on trees that had more 
 total fruit, not the other way around.  
 
 I’m not sure this late natural fruit drop can be compared to very late hand 
 thinning, but does anyone know if fruit size increase can be linked to late 
 thinning (notwithstanding total yield that can go down)?
 
 Maybe this is “normal”?
 
 Any comment welcome!
 
 Vincent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vincent Philion,M.Sc. agr. Microbiologiste
 Phytopathologiste pomiculture
 
 
 
 
 Institut de recherche et de développement en agro-environnement
 Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment
 
 www.irda.qc.ca
 
 Centre de recherche
 335, Rang des Vingt-Cinq Est
 Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec) J3V 0G7
 
 vincent.phil...@irda.qc.ca
 
 Bureau: 450 653-7368 poste 350
 Cellulaire: 514-623-8275
 Skype: VENTURIA
 Télécopie: 450 653-1927
 
 Verger expérimental
 330, Rang des vingt-cinq Est
 Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville (Québec) J3V 4P6
 Téléphone et télécopieur : 450 653-8375
 Local pesticide: 450-653-7608
 
 
 Pour nous trouver, cliquer sur le lien:
 Laboratoire
 Verger
 
 Fiers héritiers du travail des frères Saint-Gabri : 
 http://arboretum8gabrielis.wordpress.com
 
 Like most of the data I deal with, I'm best described as either zero 
 inflated Poisson, or zero inflated negative binomial. Anything but 
 Normal.
 
 Un expert est une personne qui a fait toutes les erreurs qui peuvent être 
 faites dans un domaine très étroit.
 ~ Niels Bohr
 
 C'est pas parce qu'ils sont nombreux à avoir tort qu'ils ont raison…
 ~ Coluche
 
 To call in the statistician after the experiment is done may be no more than 
 asking him to perform a post-mortem examination: he may be able to say what 
 the experiment died of.
 ~ Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
 
 The plural of anecdote is not data.
 ~ Roger Brinner
 
 The combination of some data and an aching desire for an answer does not 
 ensure that a reasonable answer can be extracted from a given body of data.
 ~ John Tukey
 
 Prediction is difficult, especially of the future.
 ~ Mark Twain (also attributed to Niels Bohr and Yogi Berra)
 
 There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.
 ~ Mark Twain or Disraeli
 
 Without deviation from the norm, Progress is not possible.
 ~ Frank Zappa
 
 If you don’t know where you are going, you will wind up somewhere else.
 ~ Yogi Berra
 
 You can see a lot just by looking.
 ~ Yogi Berra
 
 Poor, but proudly at the highest step I'm qualified for.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Principle
 
 Inhibiteur de rodomontades depuis 1992.
 
 Ce que l'on conçoit bien s'énonce clairement, et les mots pour le dire 
 arrivent aisément.
 ~ Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
 
 Vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage
 ~ Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
 
 Keep your stick on the ice
 ~ The Red  Green show
 
 Quid quid latine dictum sit, altim videtur.
 ~ Stéphane Laporte
 
 Audi alteram partem
 Qui potest capere capiat
 
 AVIS DE CONFIDENTIALITÉ
 Ce message peut contenir de l'information de nature privilégiée et 
 confidentielle. Si vous n'êtes pas le destinataire visé ou croyez l'avoir 
 reçu par erreur, nous vous saurions gré d'en aviser l'émetteur. Si ce message 
 vous a été transmis par erreur, veuillez le détruire sans en communiquer le 
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Re: [apple-crop] back up cameras for spray rig

[David Kollas]

Russell:

I like your idea of using a back-up camera for viewing spray pattern. 
 Hugh Thomas' point on spray drift on the camera lens is real.  A dirty or 
wetted lens is pretty worthless. That problem could be avoided if the camera 
were located behind a windshield washer/wiper….as inside a cab whose back 
window is so equipped.  Reflections on the back window from inside the cab 
might need blocking with well-placed screening.
I don't use a tractor cab, but I find that two large mirrors (mine are 
6.5 X 9 inches), mounted somewhat
forward on the tractor, provide an acceptable, and easily accessible view of 
where the spray is.   They can, however, be quite annoying when driving west 
with a bright, early-morning sun at your back. Drift on the mirrors
has rarely needed cleaning before refill time.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard CT

On Jan 22, 2014, at 7:37 AM, russ...@holmbergorchards.com wrote:

 I'm looking for other members input/experience with the use of remote 
 back-up type cameras for monitoring a sprayer from inside a cab.  I have 
 seen youtube videos from europe with orchard rigs using cameras and a quick 
 google search turned up several options designed for ag use that cost between 
 $400 and $900.  My concerns with regard to orchard use are:
 
 1. Whats the minimum screen size required to get clarity?
 2. How well do they work at night?
 3. Does the screen create too much reflected light in the cab at night?
 
 If anyone can answer these questions or has anything to else to add, it would 
 be appreciated.
 
 Russell Holmberg 
 Holmberg Orchards 
 Gales Ferry, CT 
 www.holmbergorchards.com 
 cell 860 575 2888
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[apple-crop] Pole-pruner experience

[David Kollas]

 the belt wrapped around the coat. It is as though the pack is held down by 
friction and folds in the coat.  My
conclusion is that the battery pack should be strapped on loosely over the 
shoulders, and tightly around the waist
BEFORE getting into any un-stretchy clothing that will be lifted when reaching 
overhead.  Finally, an extended arm,with
a hand-held 2 pound pruner will feel like 12.5 pounds, assuming a 2.5 foot arm.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, CT 

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Re: [apple-crop] Pole-pruner experience

[David Kollas]

Brien:

My search of poled electric pruners did not locate the Pellenc Treelion 
so I am glad that you have now brought it 
to my attention.  The Pellenc website 
www.pellence.com/gct/en/Secateur-Arboricole-Treelion.aspx indicates three 
lengths of pole models. It appears that pole models cannot be used without the 
pole.  But combining the effects of the novel forked pole and the shifted 
weight more to the handle end should reduce the moment of inertia, or torque, 
and make its use less noticeable to arm and shoulder muscles, compared to a 
comparable length Infaco F3010.
I have not yet used my Infaco F3010 for more than about 6 hours without 
recharging, but after 6 hours it shows
3/4 full charge remaining.  I don't know how accurate the charge indicator is, 
but there has been no sign of slowed or
weakened cutting. Recharging has always been less than two hours to full charge.
I don't feel I need to cut larger limbs than the Infaco can cut.  I 
prefer to use a saw on them. The Pellenc lithium-ion  might reduce the need for 
sawing;  I don't find weight information on the Pellenc battery backpack.

The frequent snow storms here have kept me clearing snow more than 
working in the orchard, and snow depth and the cold, windy weather argue that 
other activities (indoors) are a more productive-efficient use of my available 
time. 

David


 


On Feb 16, 2014, at 10:53 PM, Brien Davis br...@hopeorchards.com wrote:

 Hi Dave,
 I've been looking at electric pruners online for several months now.  I found 
 the F3010 and  the Pellnec Treelion.  Did you compare different manufactures 
 of these tools?  Does the battery on yours last the day?  Any other advise?
 
 Thanks, Brien
 
 Brien Davis
 Hope Orchards
 434 Camden Road
 Hope, Maine 04847
 (207) 763-2824
 hopeorchards.com
 
 
 
 
 On Feb 11, 2014, at 1:40 PM, David Kollas wrote:
 
 
  Mark:
 
  The electronic pruner I have is the Electrocoup F3010, made in France 
 by Infaco.  The pole option that I chose is non-telescopic, about 4 feet 
 long.  The importer, Infaco, USA, in Livermore, California, has a pretty 
 good website:
 http://www.infaco-usa.com
 
  For cold-weather conditions, I expect to get more pruning done with 
 this tool than with pneumatic or hand tools.
 It has taken some time to learn how best to use it for my conditions. 
 Suitable clothing, and the order of layering the
 clothing are a factor. A couple of minor design changes would improve the 
 tool, but I see no better choices currently
 available. I would suggest a more prominent button to control the opening 
 and closing, for pole use, and an
 alternative to the trigger on the secateur unit, one that could be 
 conveniently used with mittens. Using the free hand
 to operate the button switch, as I have done, interferes somewhat with 
 efficient use of that hand for other activities.
 Assuming that wireless technology is impractical, perhaps for safety reasons 
 where multiple workers might be in close
 proximity, I wonder if triggering might be possible with a mouth-operated 
 switch, leaving both hands for other tasks.
 I don't yet see any particular advantage to the current placement of the 
 button switch on the pole slider. I like it near the bottom end of the pole.
 
 David
 
 
 
  
 On Feb 11, 2014, at 9:25 AM, hangermayer hangerma...@isp.com wrote:
 
 David,
 
 Could you tell me the model/manufacturer of your pole pruner.  It may
 help me to follow some of the finer points of your explanation if I
 could see a picture of the pruner.  Thank you for posting your
 detailed analysis.  It sounds like you are reasonably happy with the
 result in the end.  To do it over, would you purchase this pole pruner
 again, or look for something different?
 
 Mark
 
 On 2/10/14, David Kollas kol...@sbcglobal.net wrote:
 
The cold and snowy conditions in Connecticut this winter have made me 
 look
 for better ways to do my necessary
 orchard pruning.  I will go into some detail here with my experience,
 because I have not seen reports from others with electric pole pruners.
Pneumatic pruners, run off a small gasoline-fueled air compressor, did 
 an
 acceptable job when there was no
 snow on the ground, and temperatures were mostly above freezing. I move the
 compressor rig around in a garden
 cart.  Last year I moved it on a plastic sledding toy, while I wore
 snowshoes.  This winter, before snow became a
 nuisance, ice-formation in the triggering mechanism was wasting a lot of my
 time, so I looked into electric pruners.
My trees' fruiting zone is between about 6 and 8 feet above ground, so a
 significant amount of the work is just
 a bit of a stretch for hand-held electric pruners, and I am not immune to
 the effects of this repetitious weight-lifting.
 A pole pruner, I thought would make the job easier.  Also, it would not
 involve an air-hose that tangles in the dropped prunings.  And it would not
 require my patient

Re: [apple-crop] Southwest Injury

[David Kollas]

Greg:
 Growers who want to try to save some Southwest-Injured trees might 
want to consider sealing the tacked-down bark
with Doc Farwell's Seal and Heal.  I think the Doc Farwell's Grafting Seal is 
the same stuff. They form a very tough but
flexible seal that can remain for years. The label recommends applying when 
temperature is 40F or higher.
I tried to save a block of 12-year old high-grafted apple trees on Bud 
118 six years ago, with disappointing results. Bark was tacked down with 
galvanized roofing nails before it had curled from drying, and Seal and Heal 
was painted on. Trees developed dead scaffolds on one or more sides on most of 
those that showed early, long bark cracks, and I have removed the block because 
it was not practical to maintain the scattered good trees. I don't recall 
having made an effort to 
de-fruit the injured trees in any of the years they were kept, but I think that 
suggestion of Dave Rosenberger's would be
helpful.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, Connecticut

On Mar 17, 2014, at 9:46 PM, Peck, Greg greg.p...@vt.edu wrote:

 Thanks to all those who responded to my email. Yes, for SWI (and most things 
 in orchard systems),  an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. For 
 those who missed it, there was a long discussion on trunk painting last year: 
 http://www.mail-archive.com/apple-crop@virtualorchard.net/msg02242.html
 
 From reading all the responses, and considering the lack of tree availability 
 for replanting this spring, it seems to me that it might be worth trying the 
 salvage some of less damaged trunks by closing up the split bark. Debbie's 
 rule-of-thumb sounds reasonable and would give growers some idea as to when 
 to just move on.
 
 As Debbie also pointed out, the wounds could be an entry site for borers. The 
 wound sites might also be a location for WAA colonies, which seem to have 
 gotten worse under our BMSB-focused insecticide programs. I guess the exposed 
 tissue could also be an entry point for herbicides.
 
 While bridge grafting is probably technically feasible, I'm getting the sense 
 that it may not be worth the time. It's up to each grower to make that 
 decision, but I'd be hesitant to say it's an economically feasible choice for 
 large blocks of high-density trees unless you have a talented grafter 
 on-staff.
 
 Greg
 
 Gregory Michael Peck, Ph.D.
 Assistant Professor of Horticulture
 Virginia Tech
 Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center
 595 Laurel Grove Road
 Winchester, VA 22602 USA
 540/869-2560 ext 19
 greg.p...@vt.edu
 arec.vaes.vt.edu/alson-h-smith
 www.anr.ext.vt.edu/tree-fruit/
 blogs.ext.vt.edu/tree-fruit-horticulture
 www.facebook.com/VtechPomology
 
 

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Re: [apple-crop] Honeycrisp on bud 118

[David Kollas]

Allen Teach:

The letter from Kevin Versnyder does not appear in my inbox, but in your 
included reference it makes me ask this question:
Does someone have information that Geneva 202 influences fruit size, or 
produces bud-union failures?

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard, Connecticut


On Jun 1, 2014, at 10:20 PM, Allen Teach - Sunrise Orchard sunr...@mwt.net 
wrote:

 In late March 2009 I saw amazing block of Honeycrisp on B118 very close to 
 Gebber's pack house in WA.  The rows were 8' apart but I do not remember the 
 other spacing.  I would like to see the block now but at the time it was very 
 impressive.
 
 Allen Teach
 Gays Mills, WI
 
 -Original Message- From: Kevin Versnyder
 Sent: Sunday, June 01, 2014 8:35 PM
 To: apple-crop@virtualorchard.net
 Subject: [apple-crop] Honeycrisp on bud 118
 
 Hugh, I have some honeys on bud 118 at 4 ft apart and it's working well. I 
 have sandy loam soil so that's the only reason it's working. Return bloom 
 hasn't been spectacular so I really think more dwarfing stocks are the way to 
 go or maybe simply blossom thinning would be the answer? This year I put them 
 in on g202 so hopefully the smaller apple it produces will help with bitter 
 pit. We did lose 51 trees to bud union failure before we even got them out of 
 the box. It sounds like g41 offers the best return bloom similar to g30 which 
 is the best I've seen.
 
 Kevin J. VerSnyder
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Re: [apple-crop] Seedless Macoun

[David Kollas]

Art:

Are the seedless Macoun very small, or normal size?

In two years of trials with Maxcell plus NAA on Macoun I found that the 
retained fruit was mostly seedless and very small.

I have not seen this with Maxcell plus carbaryl.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, CT

On Aug 4, 2014, at 8:42 PM, Arthur Kelly kellyorcha...@gmail.com wrote:

 An thoughts as to why my Macoun apples could be seedless while the next row 
 of Gala has plenty of seeds.  Thinning was Maxcell at full bloom, Carbaryl at 
 petal fall and Maxcell plus Carbaryl at about 10mm.  We still had to hand 
 thin a lot off.
 
 -- 
 Art Kelly
 Kelly Orchards
 Acton, ME
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Re: [apple-crop] crop prospects

[David Kollas]

Jon:
I have been asking myself question like those you have mentioned.

Snowball and nearly synchronous bloom is what I have on most varieties 
here also; and with uncommonly warm temperatures I expected to see a lot of 
eager honeybees in the trees these past several days.  They were not there.  
Nor in the dandelions that are more abundant than normal around the orchard.  
Activity at the hives seemed decent, so I wondered whether a solid field of 
dandelions somewhere else might be attracting them.  My beekeeper opened 
several hives and pointed out the light-colored pollen that had been packed 
into frame cells…as well as  some orange-colored pollen in other cells.  He 
said the lighter yellow indicates apple pollen, and the orange pollen is from 
dandelions.  I didn’t think to ask if the yellow pollen might have been put 
there several days ago, before the hives were moved to my orchard, but he said 
he could see bees returning to the hives with yellow pollen on their legs.
Today the maximum temperature was only 63F, briefly, and few bees were 
out of the hives. While setting
up some trickle irrigation in my nursery I noticed honeybees buzzing among oak 
leaves on the ground, under which a surface water-line ran.  Bees had found a 
small leak in the line and seemed to be very happy about it, as dozens of 
honeybees soon appeared there.  So I put water into a pail, with a short length 
of wood, and floated a terrycloth towel on it.  After about ten minutes there 
dozens of bees spending time on that wet towel.  I conclude that apple nectar 
could not satisfy their thirst…if that is what they wanted water for.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Tolland, Connecticut

On May 13, 2015, at 8:58 PM, Jon Clements jon.cleme...@umass.edu wrote:

 Mostly heavy, snowball bloom here in Massachusetts after modest crop last 
 year. Not sure I have ever seen such a heavy bloom across the board. Temps. 
 in mid to upper 80's preceding and during bloom really moved things along, 
 bee activity was modest to good. There was so much bloom all at once bee 
 activity might have been diluted? Very dry -- does that affect the 
 attractiveness of bloom to bees? Less nectar production? Cold front moved 
 through and now windy and much cooler, scattered frost possible in cold 
 pockets. We're expecting good set and the need to thin aggressively. Heat 
 raised the fire blight danger level, however, little wetting during bloom 
 except for some showers here and there and dew. Will see how that plays out, 
 lots of strep applied after last year. Only one apple scab infection period 
 since April 21 (green tip), clean orchards could have delayed any fungicide 
 application since then until the next rain, but that one will be a doozy 
 probably. Somebody send us a little rain. Every year is so different...
 
 Jon
 
 On Tue, May 12, 2015 at 12:41 PM, Arthur Kelly kellyorcha...@gmail.com 
 wrote:
 I don't know about the rest of you but if we get any kind of pollination 
 weather the crop will be very heavy and difficult to thin.  The potential 
 bloom at this point is scary.  We are at pink except for cracking some king 
 flowers on Zestar, Paulared, Gingergold etc.
 
 -- 
 Art Kelly
 Kelly Orchards
 Acton, ME
 
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 -- 
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 aka 'Mr Honeycrisp'
 UMass Cold Spring Orchard
 393 Sabin St.
 Belchertown, MA  01007
 413-478-7219
 umassfruit.com
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Re: [apple-crop] Winter Injury

[David Kollas]

Richard:

The rootstock shown in the photos is all MM106.  I bud-grafted them 
knee-high 38 years ago, and they were planted at variable depths.  Jonagold 
produced particularly large swellings at the graft union, as is evident in 
photo #2.  Photo #1 is Macoun/MM106.

The apple-crop server may still be having trouble getting mail to me.  
I have seen your reply
and that of Brian Nelson, but not the one you reference from “Dave R”, whom I 
am guessing is
Dr. Rosenberger.

I have not opened any of the affected trees to look for borer galleries 
in the wood, but shot-holes can be seen entering bark and penetrating inward in 
wood.  Borer activity could account for the late appearance of weeping, which 
can also appear in April and May on winter-injured trees without borers.

David K.


 


On Sep 11, 2015, at 9:41 AM, Richard J. Ossolinski <oss...@myfairpoint.net> 
wrote:

> Sorry for your trouble, David, but pleased to hear Dave R.'s reply, as I 
> think he identified issues typical to my trees as well, particularly:
>> 
>> B. dothidea is commonly present in the dying outer bark of apple trees where 
>> it seems to function primarily as a saprophyte or a weak pathogen. In trees 
>> that are not drought stressed, it remains superficial although it appears to 
>> contribute to the development of round patches of flakey bark (red oval 
>> area) or circles where flakey bark has fallen (red circle), off as shown in 
>> photo 1799 where I added the red markings.  It can also cause warty growth 
>> on small branches and/or black pustule-like structure such as those that I 
>> think I am seeing on the right-hand side of the trunk in photo 1818.  
> 
> Am curious as to what rootstock you have under these trees.
> Thanks,
> Ozzie
> 
> Richard J. Ossolinski
> 33 Sargeant Rd.
> Gouldsboro, ME 04607
> 207 963-4082
> 
> If you've received this message it is because you've asked to be included on 
> this list, or our similar interests somewhere along the way have caused our 
> paths to cross.  Please let me know if you no longer wish to receive these 
> harvest updates, and I will remove your name from this mailing list.
> 
> 
> 
>       
>  
> <100_8231.jpeg>
> On Sep 10, 2015, at 4:40 PM, David Kollas wrote:
> 
>>  I think this is winter injury (photos;4) but I am surprised that the 
>> oozing did not show up much earlier.  As well as I can recall, I did not 
>> notice oozing 
>> and staining of the bark when these trees were hand thinned in July.  It is 
>> more common on Jonagold than on Macoun and Melrose, and I have 
>> seen little or none on Empire and other varieties.  The trees were pruned 
>> moderately-plus, in severity, mostly before the sub-zero (F.) temperatures 
>> of January and February. The injury is not limited to any particular compass 
>> direction of the tree, but it is more common on west than east.  
>>  I attribute the tiny, neat, round holes to opportunistic interloping 
>> insects, rather than to something that might have introduced a disease.
>> But I am open to other ideas, and I wonder if others have seen similar 
>> symptoms in the summer season.
>> 
>> David Kollas
>> Kollas Orchard
>> Tolland, Connecticut, USA 
>> 
>> 
>>   I 
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Re: [apple-crop] Apple skin disorder

[David Kollas]

Today I have some additional observations concerning the skin disorder. 
 
The fruits in the photos of my previous posting were collected by my  
wife, Janet, during her sorting of
fruit for the farm salesroom.  Yesterday I asked her to notice, during sorting, 
whether spotted fruits were randomly distributed in the crates; or instead 
perhaps, only found in contact with the walls or bottom of the
crates.  In today’s sorting, she found the spots only on fruits bearing against 
a wall or bottom.  Only about 25 percent of such fruits showed the spots.
The crates we use are standard 6 gallon plastic milk crates made in 
Connecticut.  To prevent cutting of
fruit by the sharp-edged interior walls of these crates, we installed 
polypropylene mesh on all interior surfaces.
We have used these tamed crates for harvest,storage, sorting,and sales display 
for the past 15 years. No post-harvest dips or flooding is applied. No calcium 
sprays have been used pre harvest or post harvest.  Every year, some or most of 
the crates are cleaned and sanitized to remove dust and visible fungus.The 
cleaning/sanitizing is done by dipping crates in an aqueous mix of household 
bleach and dishwasher detergent.  Janet and I sort of split the 
responsibilities here; we call her the Vice President for Marketing, so crate 
cleaning fell to her.  She asked me about skipping the rinse step last summer.  
I said, Sure, the chlorine evaporates and disappears.  I, ahh...did not 
consider possible burn to fruit from the detergent.  I think now the rinse step 
will be reinstated.
I would rather have found some explanation that would leave me 
guiltless, but I do feel better in the confidence that this injury will not 
likely appear here in future years.

Dave R.:  I appreciate your efforts and willingness to elaborate as you 
do. This particular skin disorder may never present itself to you again, but if 
it does, you will think of this unusual explanation to add to your list of 
possibilities.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard

On Nov 29, 2015, at 7:48 PM, David A. Rosenberger <da...@cornell.edu> wrote:

> Hello, David —
> 
> Did you apply any postharvest treatments to the affected fruit?  Do the spots 
> appear at points of fruit contact in the boxes as the fruit come out of 
> storage? If answers to these two questions are positive, then  toxicity from 
> postharvest treatment solutions due to slow drying at contact points might be 
> involved.  If answers to the first two questions are negative, then my final 
> question is whether you applied calcium sprays in the field during late 
> summer?  
> 
> As you can tell, I don’t know the cause of the damage shown in your photos.  
> However, I have received or been sent photos of similar problems from many 
> growers and consultants over the past 5 to 8 years.  As you indicted, I have 
> frequently noted what appears to be damage originating from a lenticel but 
> then spreading to kill epidermal cells  around the affected lenticel. In 
> those cases, I suspect (but cannot prove) that the damage resulted from 
> uptake via the lenticels of some toxicant (calcium, captan, other pesticide, 
> air pollutants?) that weakened but did not immediately kill the cells around 
> the lenticel.  However these weakened cells later died during storage, 
> resulting in blackened lenticels. And I suspect that diffusion of the 
> toxicant from the lenticel entry point slowly killed other epidermal cells 
> around that lenticel. In some cases, the toxicant may have been applied in a 
> postharvest treatment, but I suspect that most damage of this kind is 
> initiated in the field.  Your photos, especially the one showing damage on 
> the calyx points of the fruit, suggests that sprayed product may have pooled 
> at the low points of the fruit during a preharvest spray, thereby allowing 
> for excessive uptake that contributed to subsequent cell death during 
> storage.  In some cases, I have wondered if fruit that are too close to a 
> sprayer nozzle during late season sprays may end up with lenticels that are 
> damaged by direct exposure to the high-pressure output from passing nozzles, 
> but I doubt that was the case for your fruit where single lesions seem to 
> predominate. 
> 
> I wish we knew what the offending toxicants and/or contributing factors 
> really are.   Or, if anyone has a better explanation for the damage in the 
> photos, I would love to hear it.
> 
> 
> Dave Rosenberger, Plant Pathologist,
> Hudson Valley Lab, P.O. Box 727, Highland, NY 12528
> 
> 
>> On Nov 28, 2015, at 2:16 PM, David Kollas <kol...@frontier.com> wrote:
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> The two photos here show a skin-deep discoloration 

Re: [apple-crop] apple size

[David Kollas]

Mosbah:

I wonder if the attached PDF might not have been what you intended?  Or 
maybe it was sent to an unintended
address?

David

On Jan 13, 2016, at 10:24 AM, Kushad, Mosbah M  wrote:

> 

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[apple-crop] Liquid Lime Sulfur?

[David Kollas]

Does anyone have enough experience with liquid lime sulfur to comment 
on it as an emergency
choice for application before rains have stopped during the current long 
infection period?  It is listed as 
having 72-96 hours back-action in the New England Tree Fruits Management Guide.
In my particular situation, Half-Inch Green stage tissues were exposed 
many hours during two of
 the previous three nights to 18-20 degrees F, and are probably extra sensitive 
to captan penetration
and phytotoxicity.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard
Connecticut 

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Re: [apple-crop] Liquid Lime Sulfur?

[David Kollas]

I was surprised by Vincent’s comment that liquid lime sulfur is a “normal” 
choice for post-infection in his area. My recollection
is that its use quickly went out of favor when ferbam and captan became 
available, mostly because of reduced photosynthetic
ability of LLS-damaged leaves.  Maybe the poor fruit set and lower-sugar apples 
are less apparent if those sprays are not repeated, compounding the damage.  
How are the Quebec growers avoiding LLS injury, Vincent?

Concerning Dave Rosenbergers suggestion that burning the leaves sufficiently to 
stop growth of the fungus might be beneficial,
I have wondered whether captan and oil could be used for that purpose, but I 
have never tried it.  If no one knows of any such
trial, I may give it a try this year. I would expect to loose the crop, but 
hopefully sufficient new foliage would develop to make flower buds for next 
year.

David Kollas
Kollas Orchard; CT

 
On Apr 7, 2016, at 2:17 PM, David Doud <david_d...@me.com> wrote:

> LLS was out of favor here before I started spraying, but I do have some 
> references and dad used to talk about it - 
> 
> from 1944 ‘Spray Chemicals’ - “The disadvantages are that liquid lime-sulfur 
> is very disagreeable to use owing to its causticity. Also this causticity is 
> blamed for subsequent foliage dwarfing, injury, loss of foliage, reduction in 
> rate of photosynthesis, and fruit russeting of apples…Young tender tissue 
> contains abundant oxygen, and these polysulfides immediately satisfy 
> themselves by taking the oxygen supply from the leaf tissue.  As a result, 
> normal leaf functions are temporarily disrupted and desiccation of marginal 
> cells, or "burning” takes place.  The leaves take on a “crinkled” appearance 
> and rarely develop normally.  This reaction also offers an explanation for 
> sulfur russeting during the pre-pink, pink, and petal fall stage of fruit 
> formation…”
> 
> there is varietal variation in regard to susceptibility to LLS injury - 
> 
> In your situation, I would be very conservative using LLS until the foliage 
> has a chance to dry and harden - at least one good sunny day of well above 
> freezing temps and no more freezing temperatures forecast  - but whadda I 
> know?
> 
> I’m in about the same situation as you - sitting here at 1/2” green, a couple 
> of long wetting periods and 3”+ of rain at mostly cold temps but enough 50*+ 
> hours to cause concern - two nights, one 24*, one 23* earlier this week and 
> two more forecast for saturday morning and sunday morning - the orchard is 
> soaked and soggy and there is still pruning brush in the way some places - 
> not to mention high winds for the last 4 days - and 30mph gusts today - 
> 
> I’m not going to worry too much - after we get out of this weather pattern 
> and I can get thru the plantings I’ll get a protectant on and scout carefully 
> after symptoms have time to develop - I’ve conserved chemicals like Syllit, 
> Topsin-M, Rally, and the like and feel like if I need to I can knock out an 
> infection if one develops - 
> 
> Dad used to talk about the year they got scab started at green tip and the 
> frustrating season long fight afterwards - it was before I was born and I 
> don’t recall specifically which year he mentioned, but it was a big deal - I 
> think we have some better options today to deal with that situation - at 
> least I hope so - 
> 
> Good luck - 
> David 
> 
> 
>> On Apr 7, 2016, at 12:56 PM, David Kollas <kol...@frontier.com> wrote:
>> 
>> 
>>  Does anyone have enough experience with liquid lime sulfur to comment 
>> on it as an emergency
>> choice for application before rains have stopped during the current long 
>> infection period?  It is listed as 
>> having 72-96 hours back-action in the New England Tree Fruits Management 
>> Guide.
>>  In my particular situation, Half-Inch Green stage tissues were exposed 
>> many hours during two of
>> the previous three nights to 18-20 degrees F, and are probably extra 
>> sensitive to captan penetration
>> and phytotoxicity.
>> 
>> David Kollas
>> Kollas Orchard
>> Connecticut 
>> 
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