Re: [Biofuel] oil price gouging poll

2005-10-15 Thread KinsleyForPrez08
There is not much we, as consumers do about the price gouging, except 
perhaps to use less oil.  Not just in your cars, but by using less energy 
overall.  As Mike already pointed out, President Carter wore a sweater 
around the White House and turned the thermostat down.  But turning off 
lights in rooms not in use, turning down your hot water heaters in the 
summer months, getting heavier drapes to keep out the hot sun/cold drafts, 
etc.  Oh yeah, and maybe try using some of that fancy biofuel.  If W is 
encouraging us to use it, then it must be good stuff.

Seriously, it is good to see that more and more people are waking up and 
realizing that the United States has a profit-driven economy, and that 
supply and demand works (supply runs short, demand doesn't, so raise 
prices).  But to think that the Federal Guvment will fix it by taxing us 
more?  What are they thinking?  OK, let's assume (snicker, ha-ha) that the 
Federal Guvment was able to efficiently and effectively manage the 
dispersement of R&D funds towards alternative fuels research.  And let's 
also assume that the Federal Guvment were to add an additional tax on the 
windfall profits that oil companies are making on this price gouging (yeah, 
like W's puppetmasters would go for that).  Well, how do they define 
windfall profit?  All profit? Only profit that is considered excessive? How 
excessive is excessive - 10%, 20%, 30%?  Who sets the bar?  Would you trust 
W to set the bar?  How about Congress?  Given their (W, his administration, 
the Congress, etc.) track record with collecting taxes and spending money on 
the right things, IMHO, they should just stay out of it.  Government 
meddling in a free-market economy is never a good thing.

Enjoy!

Earl Kinsley
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
--
"That government is best which governs least."  --  Thomas Paine
--
Check out my latest blogs at http://KinsleyForPrez08.blogspot.com

- Original Message - 
From: "Alt.EnergyNetwork" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: 
Sent: Tuesday, October 11, 2005 5:27 AM
Subject: [Biofuel] oil price gouging poll


> H, so in light of this poll, does anyone believe that the
> oil co's, auto co's and politicos are going to
> actually do anything about it, besides some feeble, feel good
> conservation PR??
>
> regards
> tallex
>
>
> Most Americans say oil companies are price gouging
>
> Four out of five Americans would support "a tax on
> the windfall profits of oil companies" if the resulting
> revenues were devoted to alternative energy research,
> according to an Opinion Research Corp. (ORC) poll
> conducted for 40mpg.org and the Boston-based nonprofit
> and nonpartisan Civil Society Institute (CSI).
>
> CSI is a think tank and the 40mpg.org campaign is a
> project of CSI.
>
> Other key survey findings include: 87 percent of Americans
> think that oil companies are gouging gasoline consumers
> today; 81 percent say the federal government is not doing
> enough about high energy prices and America's overreliance
> on Middle Eastern oil; 73 percent believe that recent
> gasoline price hikes now make it more important that the
> federal government impose higher fuel-efficiency standards;
> and four out of five adults say that U.S. automakers should
> follow the same path as Toyota, which intends that "all of
> its new cars going forward will use fuel-saving hybrid
> technology."
>
> In response to the poll, 40mpg.org has launched an online
> petition at www.40mpg.org allowing Americans to tell their
> members of Congress and the White House that they want
> major steps taken in terms of a windfall profits tax on
> oil companies and tougher fuel-efficiency standards on
> vehicles.
>
> CSI president Pam Solo said: "Americans have seen too much
> price gouging and too little action from Washington on
> energy prices, fuel-efficient vehicles and our dangerous
> reliance on foreign oil. The benefits of making 40 miles
> per gallon the standard for all autos in the United States
> are obvious to Americans: consumers save money; we reduce
> our dangerous reliance on Middle Eastern oil, making us
> more secure in the world; air pollution is reduced; and
> we can cut the U.S. contribution to global warming by nearly
> a third. Greater fuel efficiency makes sense, it is
> technologically possible, the benefits are real and the
> challenges can be overcome."
>
> Some key highlights of the poll are:
>
> + Price gouging. Some 87 percent think "big oil companies
> are currently gouging consumers at the gas pump," with 57
> percent saying there is a "great deal" of such price gouging
> going on. Fewer than 4 percent say "no price gouging is
> going on." Political affiliation makes almost no difference
> in how Americans respond to this question with 87 percent
> of independents, 82 percent of Republicans and 91 percent
> of Democrats saying there is a "great deal" or "some" price
> gouging going on.
>
> + Windfall profits tax on oil

Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Thanks for the replies
Yes the magnetic mixer as you both describe does sound like something
I could build. At the moment I better focus on the basics.
I need to work on my lab skill. Today we found out a ton of science
associated with biodiesel. Lots more info sunk in as we actually do
this stuff. Not that I didn't expect this. Tomorrow we will have a go
at it again. My wife and I are on page one.

I have read about this process from a big picture perspective. Now I
learn the detail.

I can't believe I forgot to bring a scale home for my first test
batch. Oh well.

We are still in the process of calculating the amount of lye to mix
with the methanol. As soon as we figure this out, I imagine the next
obstacle will present itself. Par for the course, no?  This is ok. We
are patient. This is really the only way to learn. "Try it." As
everyone here says.
We are game.
Brian Rodgers

On 10/15/05, JJJN <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi Brian,
> A magnetic mixer is just a small DC motor that is variable speed that
> rotates a STRONG magnet under a platform. You then place in the jug PVC
> or Polyethylene coated Magnets and screw the lid on.  Turn on the mixer
> and its like a blender inside.  If you do use Red devil lye it can get
> reallly hot fast but I never melted or expanded to much. I rather
> prefer the slower dissolving lye with this type of mixer.  I got mine
> free as it was replaced with a newer one and was gathering dust. when we
> moved our lab my good friend the chemist gave it to me rather than throw
> it away.  They would be real easy to build and the part that goes in the
> Methoxil is cheap at NW Scientific Supply I can give you the email if
> you want it.
>
> Jim
>
> Brian Rodgers wrote:
>
> >Hi Jim
> >" I use Lab grade Lye that is in pellets not grains like Red Devil."
> >Please give us newbies a few possible sources, this is a tease.
> >"It takes more time to dissolve but I use a magnetic mixer so the
> >reaction is in an air tight container and can be left for however long
> >while i do other things.
> >I will Google "Magnetic mixer" but an explanation from you would be
> >great too. What is? Where to find? Standard lab equipment? Etc. It
> >sounds pretty damn cool.
> >Not sure how to search the archives for a resource list. Kieth, can you help?
> >Once I get today's mini test batch figured out I will need to begin
> >the task of relieving my on anxiety over where to find chemicals in my
> >area.
> >I spent quite a bit of time with my 87 year old father last night
> >talking chemistry. He's retired forty years, but I have been copy and
> >pasting stuff from you all and the journeytoforever web site over to
> >him since early Summer. Now that I am getting set to do this I have
> >sent him more scientific data and less youthful emotional fanfare.
> >Today I make the sodium methoxide.
> >I better get after it.
> >Brian Rodgers
> >
> >
> >>Good Luck,
> >>Jim
> >>
> >>Rafal Szczesniak wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>>Hi,
> >>>
> >>>I've recently bought new fresh methyl alcohol and lye. I have measured
> >>>out exact amounts, mixed lye with methanol and - a bit of a surprise,
> >>>the solution haven't actually got warm. No temperature, fumes,
> >>>whatsoever. Is this normal, or could I have done something wrong ?
> >>>
> >>>The chemicals are most probably pure and good quality. Also, lye has
> >>>been completely dissolved.
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>___
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> >>messages):
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> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >
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> >
> >
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Re: [Biofuel] Getting Ready for Winter

2005-10-15 Thread Chris Tan

Keith and Everyone:

Have any of you tried a clear water pump with noryl plastic impellers?
Will esters dissolve noryl plastics?

Thanks.

Best regards,

Chris


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Re: [Biofuel] noryl impellers

2005-10-15 Thread Chris Tan
Keith and Everyone:

Have any of you tried a clear water pump with noryl plastic impellers?
Will esters dissolve noryl plastics?

Thanks.

Best regards,

Chris



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[Biofuel] noryl impellers

2005-10-15 Thread Chris Tan
Keith and Everyone:

Have any of you tried a clear water pump with noryl plastic impellers?
Will esters dissolve noryl plastics?

Thanks.

Best regards,

Chris



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Re: [Biofuel] Getting Ready for Winter

2005-10-15 Thread Chris Tan

Keith and Everyone:

Have any of you tried a clear water pump with noryl plastic impellers?
Will esters dissolve noryl plastics?

Thanks.

Best regards,

Chris


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Re: [Biofuel] Americans ugly and otherwise...

2005-10-15 Thread Zeke Yewdall
I saw an analysis somewhere before the last election, which pointed
out that the two parties in the US are really made up several factions
that really have little in common.  For example the Republican party
is made up of fiscal conservatives, social conservatives, and
neo-cons/war hawks.  These groups are not at all the same (and many of
the fiscal conservatives are pretty bewildered by the direction Bush
and Co. are taking the country), yet they are all classified as
republicans.  Similar, the Democratic party is made up of at least two
or three disparate sub-groups.  These subgroups have to claim to
represent one party or another to get anywhere in our political
system, but it would be very interesting (and perhaps more interesting
to voters too) if there were more like 6 parties, instead of just two
conglomerations.

On 10/15/05, JJJN <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi Mike,
> I am responding to this post as a matter curious interest.  I wonder if
> this country would be in better shape if there were no such thing as the
> Party system. For example, I have steadily been drifting apart from any
> affiliation and instead just looking at the issues, hearing out and
> researching them, and deciding what my view point is, and I no longer
> care if my new perspective crosses a party mentality whatsoever.  I am
> usually just a listening post anymore, and spend more time thinking out
> what I have heard to dissect it from several perspectives.  I find this
> to be rather eye opening and enlightening but also scary as some of
> those sacred beliefs can get trashed and replaced.  Anyway I was just
> wondering what your response to this might be as I respect your opinions
> and viewpoints along with others on this list.
>
> Jim
>
> Mike Weaver wrote:
>
> > Outside of my little nest here on the East Coast I feel like a
> > stranger in my own land.  I go to the Midwest to visit family and I
> > cannot and do not talk to them about politics..  I have come to
> > realize, after 40 years, that they won't and probably can't change.  I
> > prize family above rhetoric.  I have finally learned it is better, in
> > some cases to be happy than to be right.  OTOH, I did not live thru
> > what they did:  WWII, most of them have been working since they could
> > walk, and did not have the benefits I have had.
> >
> > My father left Arkansas in his teens, got a degree, was drafted and
> > got a PhD.  He moved East and saw to it that his childred all went to
> > college and grad school.  We have all travelled overseas and in some
> > cases lived and/or worked in the 3rd world.  As Mark Twain said:
> > nothing is as deadly to prejudice as travel.
> >
> > I have to agree with pretty much everything you say.  Except, we have
> > no real foreign policy, nor do we really have an energy policy.  We
> > have a bully policy.
> > No wonder 90% or the world is mad at us.  I don't blame them.
> >
> > OTOH, the French are not without warts - look at West Africa.  I am
> > also interested to see what happens with Western Europe with regards
> > to their economies.
> > The Western European countries are belatedly realizing you can't just
> > conjure an economy.  You have to have money before you can have
> > generous social programs.  This what Germany and France are wrestling
> > with now.  I personally think a realistic economic base - fewer
> > regulations in some cases - in France it's pratically illegal to start
> > a small business, and God help you if you fail - you can expect to
> > investigated for fraud no matter what happened.  Complain about the
> > USll you want but you can start a business w/o fear of gaol.  This one
> > of the thing we do have to offer as a model for other countries.
> >
> > This country has a ways to go in terms of social programs.  I still
> > can't believe we don't have SOME form of national health.  The current
> > system is collapsing.  My sister is a doctor and I can tell you the
> > current program is failing.  I also believe that we need some form
> > child care - if both parents must work there must be a safe place for
> > their children.  Europe is miles ahead of us here.
> >
> > I rattle on...
> >
> > Mike
> >
> > Hakan Falk wrote:
> >
> >>Mike,
> >>
> >>Ugly is your addition and I love Americans, the only thing
> >>that I do not like is their foreign policies, energy policies.
> >>and the political/economy corruption by the US corporations.
> >>
> >>By the way, I also like the French. My daughter in law and
> >>grandchildren are French.
> >>
> >>Hakan
> >>
> >>At 23:21 14/10/2005, you wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>>!! What about us ugly Americans?
> >>>
> >>>Hakan Falk wrote:
> >>>
> >>>
> I really like this list and its members, including the French
> and Canadian French. LOL
> 
> It is fun with the sparks and the humor.
> 
> Hakan
> 
> At 20:52 14/10/2005, you wrote:
> 
> 
> 
> >I generally take a shower once a month whether I need it or not.
> >(in the sum

Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
The rain has stopped and the skies are clearing

Tomorrow is another day.
Thanks for all your help.
Brian Rodgers

On 10/15/05, Kurt Nolte <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On 10/15/05, Brian Rodgers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > Ok very cool I just might try it now and close everything up tight
> > while working.
> > Brian Rodgers
> >
>
>  Best of luck to ya, once more. And now I need to get back to work before
> they decided I'm not earning my pay. ;p
>
>  -Kurt
>
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>
>
>

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Re: [Biofuel] Cleaning 44 G Drums

2005-10-15 Thread Zeke Yewdall
My drums have come with palm oil and stuff so it hasn't been an issue,
but I have used biodiesel for cleaning other stuff covered with
petroleum oil products and it works good.  You'll end with some
engine-oil contaminated biodiesel, which can be diluted and used as
fuel, if you don't mind a little smoke. I think the pollution from
burning the oil is probably better than trying to dispose of the
engine oil residues any other way though -- certainly can't be
composted or anything.

Zeke

On 10/14/05, Ian & Theresa Sims <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> Just a couple of questions.
> How do people clean out their drums given that most of them have engine oil
> in them when they are obtained. Does it affect the BD.
> And on the same note, I am going to purchase a 200L drum of Methanol and I
> am going to break it down into 60 and 20L containers for safety and ease of
> handling, what is the best way of cleaning them out as the drums i can get
> have had motor oil in them.
> Cheers
>
> Ian
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>
>
>

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Re: [Biofuel] Start Up Problems

2005-10-15 Thread Chris



Everything sounds good, although perhaps you could 
use 2.5 gms lye.  You never say that you pull off the biodiesel from the 
glycerol though.  It is so obvious that you may have not mentioned 
it.  But, if you are not doing it, that's it.  What does the biodiesel 
look like after separation? 
 
Chris KCayce, SC
 
 
- Original Message - 

  From: 
  Peter 
  Currie 
  To: Biofuel@sustainablelists.org 
  
  Sent: Saturday, October 15, 2005 6:01 
  PM
  Subject: [Biofuel] Start Up 
Problems
  
  G'day group
  it is with great embarrassment that l have my 
  first post. For 3 months l have been doing test batches (lost Count how many) 
  and still cannot past shake test.
  Methanol - From a drag racers 44 gallon drum - 
  best apparently
  Lye - Tiny pearls 99+ - fresh - then 
  flake
  Oil - supermarket virgin oil
  Deep cooker filled with water with thermo 
  (bottling type to 120 deg. C )
  Drill stand above
  2Lt glass jar tall with narrow neck with screw 
  top lid with hole for paint stirrer
  Have tried lots of combinations re 
  mixing time (1hr to 2.5 hr)
  Mixing speed - 
  slow to fast
  amounts of lye - 2.7g to 4.2g per lt
  amounts of methanol 200ml to 250ml per 
  lt
  types of oil - canola , blended edible all say 
  100% unused
  After process the product separates nicely and 
  after waiting 12-24 hours do shake test with rain water (all l have) usually 
  it takes hours to separate with a thick layer in-between of white fluffy cloud 
  like stuff (.5 inch thick)
  The pearl variety of lye dissolves quickly but is 
  hazy whereas the flake is crystal clear. Am heating oil to 55 c then adding 
  methoxide then stirring maint temp throughout. Have read and reread JTF site 
  and archives but nothing leaps out as obvious, my process seems correct, my 
  materials seem correct but l'm starting to feel Very stupid. Is there 
  something on this side of the planet that l'm not aware of?. Also would be 
  very keen to talk - SEE setup working in Melbourne Aust. I'm in the 
  Dandenongs. Any advice would be appreciated, thankyou
  Regards
  Peter from Oz
  
  

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Re: [Biofuel] Americans ugly and otherwise...

2005-10-15 Thread JJJN
Hi Mike,
I am responding to this post as a matter curious interest.  I wonder if 
this country would be in better shape if there were no such thing as the 
Party system. For example, I have steadily been drifting apart from any 
affiliation and instead just looking at the issues, hearing out and 
researching them, and deciding what my view point is, and I no longer 
care if my new perspective crosses a party mentality whatsoever.  I am 
usually just a listening post anymore, and spend more time thinking out 
what I have heard to dissect it from several perspectives.  I find this 
to be rather eye opening and enlightening but also scary as some of 
those sacred beliefs can get trashed and replaced.  Anyway I was just 
wondering what your response to this might be as I respect your opinions 
and viewpoints along with others on this list.

Jim

Mike Weaver wrote:

> Outside of my little nest here on the East Coast I feel like a 
> stranger in my own land.  I go to the Midwest to visit family and I 
> cannot and do not talk to them about politics..  I have come to 
> realize, after 40 years, that they won't and probably can't change.  I 
> prize family above rhetoric.  I have finally learned it is better, in 
> some cases to be happy than to be right.  OTOH, I did not live thru 
> what they did:  WWII, most of them have been working since they could 
> walk, and did not have the benefits I have had.
>
> My father left Arkansas in his teens, got a degree, was drafted and 
> got a PhD.  He moved East and saw to it that his childred all went to 
> college and grad school.  We have all travelled overseas and in some 
> cases lived and/or worked in the 3rd world.  As Mark Twain said:  
> nothing is as deadly to prejudice as travel.
>
> I have to agree with pretty much everything you say.  Except, we have 
> no real foreign policy, nor do we really have an energy policy.  We 
> have a bully policy.
> No wonder 90% or the world is mad at us.  I don't blame them.
>
> OTOH, the French are not without warts - look at West Africa.  I am 
> also interested to see what happens with Western Europe with regards 
> to their economies.
> The Western European countries are belatedly realizing you can't just 
> conjure an economy.  You have to have money before you can have 
> generous social programs.  This what Germany and France are wrestling 
> with now.  I personally think a realistic economic base - fewer 
> regulations in some cases - in France it's pratically illegal to start 
> a small business, and God help you if you fail - you can expect to 
> investigated for fraud no matter what happened.  Complain about the 
> USll you want but you can start a business w/o fear of gaol.  This one 
> of the thing we do have to offer as a model for other countries.
>
> This country has a ways to go in terms of social programs.  I still 
> can't believe we don't have SOME form of national health.  The current 
> system is collapsing.  My sister is a doctor and I can tell you the 
> current program is failing.  I also believe that we need some form 
> child care - if both parents must work there must be a safe place for 
> their children.  Europe is miles ahead of us here.
>
> I rattle on...
>
> Mike
>
> Hakan Falk wrote:
>
>>Mike,
>>
>>Ugly is your addition and I love Americans, the only thing
>>that I do not like is their foreign policies, energy policies.
>>and the political/economy corruption by the US corporations.
>>
>>By the way, I also like the French. My daughter in law and
>>grandchildren are French.
>>
>>Hakan
>>
>>At 23:21 14/10/2005, you wrote:
>>  
>>
>>>!! What about us ugly Americans?
>>>
>>>Hakan Falk wrote:
>>>
>>>
I really like this list and its members, including the French
and Canadian French. LOL

It is fun with the sparks and the humor.

Hakan

At 20:52 14/10/2005, you wrote:

  

>I generally take a shower once a month whether I need it or not.
>(in the summer of course, in the winter we can take snow baths every day)
>
>PS for all you foreigners. underwear can be
>recycled four times (inside out, back and front)
>this is of course common sense to Canadians but
>I am sensitive to the international nature of this list.
>
>Joe
>
>Frantz DESPREZ wrote:
>
>
>
>>Mike Weaver a écrit :
>>
>>
>>
>>  
>>
>>>M. Falk:
>>>
>>>As a person with (minor) French ancestry, I am shocked and offended at
>>>your suggestion that the French do not bathe regularly.
>>>I challenge you to defend yourself in a duel of honor.  Shampoo at
>>>fifty yards, the first one to achieve a glossy sheen to be declared
>>>the winner.
>>>I name as my seconds Vidal Sasoon and the Breck girl.  If the first
>>>duel is not satisfactory, we will rinse and repeat.
>>>
>>>Prepare to meet your suds.
>>>
>>>M. Weaver
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

Re: [Biofuel] Start Up Problems

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
Something I keep hitting over and over in all my prelim test batches
(Still haven't made one any bigger than a liter...): How's your
humidity, and are you absolutely certain that your weights for the lye
are accurate?

I was having some huge problems with emulsions on a shake test, and
with the scale I just recently purchased (Jeweler's scale, up to 500g)
I discovered just how inaccurate my old one was; I was using way
too much lye, and taking far too long to measure it out. It was
absorbing a great deal of water from the atmosphere (70%+ humidity is a
constant here). 

How big are your test batches? The full 2L capacity, or are you only
doing 1L batches? I eventually moved to smaller batches so I could
measure out my lye quicker, it helped a bit. My current test batches I
mix up in a small 400mL Mason-type canning jar, 300mL of oil to about
75mL of Methanol, and just use a hot water bath to bring it to
temperature, shake it for ten or fifteen minutes, put it back in the
bath for ten, shake fifteen soak ten, and so on for about an hour and
half. Produced some very clear, clean-looking results so far. >.>
Have you tried heating up your wash water before doing the shake
test?  That also helped... I'm slowly, very slowly progressing
back up to full sized test batches while I gather parts.

Hoped some of this helps!

-Kurt
On 10/15/05, Peter Currie <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:







G'day group
it is with great embarrassment that l have my first 
post. For 3 months l have been doing test batches (lost Count how many) and 
still cannot past shake test.
Methanol - From a drag racers 44 gallon drum - best 
apparently
Lye - Tiny pearls 99+ - fresh - then 
flake
Oil - supermarket virgin oil
Deep cooker filled with water with thermo (bottling 
type to 120 deg. C )
Drill stand above
2Lt glass jar tall with narrow neck with screw top 
lid with hole for paint stirrer
Have tried lots of combinations re 
mixing time (1hr to 2.5 hr)
Mixing speed - slow 
to fast
amounts of lye - 2.7g to 4.2g per lt
amounts of methanol 200ml to 250ml per 
lt
types of oil - canola , blended edible all say 100% 
unused
After process the product separates nicely and 
after waiting 12-24 hours do shake test with rain water (all l have) usually it 
takes hours to separate with a thick layer in-between of white fluffy cloud like 
stuff (.5 inch thick)
The pearl variety of lye dissolves quickly but is 
hazy whereas the flake is crystal clear. Am heating oil to 55 c then adding 
methoxide then stirring maint temp throughout. Have read and reread JTF site and 
archives but nothing leaps out as obvious, my process seems correct, my 
materials seem correct but l'm starting to feel Very stupid. Is there something 
on this side of the planet that l'm not aware of?. Also would be very keen to 
talk - SEE setup working in Melbourne Aust. I'm in the Dandenongs. Any advice 
would be appreciated, thankyou
Regards
Peter from Oz

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Re: [Biofuel] Multi Fuel Engines

2005-10-15 Thread Zeke Yewdall
http://www.dair.co.uk/
Two cylinder, four piston, horizontally opposed diesel engine for
airplanes.  I want one of these for my car, but they're too pricey as
of yet.

On 10/15/05, Kirk Thibault <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Geek on!
>
> http://www.intertrader.net/ptfdeltic.htm
>
> kirk
>
>
> On Oct 15, 2005, at 9:28 PM, Kurt Nolte wrote:
>
>
> > You know, reading that and several other concepts and proven
> > designs has put an idea into my head.
> >
> > I was doing some library research earlier today, and stumbled
> > across the Deltic opposed piston engines. I looked into those, and
> > was just utterly floored. "Like, whoa." is what the guy sitting
> > beside me in the library told me I said. Those things rocked in
> > some serious ways, with only a really complicated crankshaft
> > balancing system keeping them from being really workable on a
> > widespread basis. Ideas immediately started pouring through my head
> > on how to revive the OP engine design.
> >
> > Then I log on to check my e-mail, and see this. "Like, whoa" all
> > over again. I read everything they have on their site. And the
> > thought hits me.
> >
> > A cam-driven opposed cylinder engine. Cam at one end, cam at the
> > other, 12 cylinders in a round block, 24 pistons riding the two
> > cams. Utterly and completely removes the crankshaft synching issues
> > inherent to the OP design. Low/No exhaust pulse, no valve rattle,
> > no valve timing, drastic moving parts reduction, size reduction, no
> > flywheel needed; with all the reciprocation operating in a front-
> > back orientation, there wouldn't really be any piston pulse to
> > deaden; the mass of the car would do it just fine. Smooth, even
> > rotations, approximately 12 power strokes per revolution to even
> > out the power application. Use small bore/long throw pistons in
> > your cylinders and it would probably even be more incredibly
> > efficient than an inline 3-cylinder.
> >
> > It would be perfect for that "slow burn" combustion of compression
> > ignition engines.
> >
> > Perfect for diesel. Even more perfect for BD.
> >
> > I want to build it. I need to build this.
> >
> > And all I can think now is "God I'm a geek" :p
> >
> > -Kurt
>
>
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>
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>
>

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Re: [Biofuel] Multi Fuel Engines

2005-10-15 Thread Kirk Thibault
Geek on!

http://www.intertrader.net/ptfdeltic.htm

kirk


On Oct 15, 2005, at 9:28 PM, Kurt Nolte wrote:


> You know, reading that and several other concepts and proven  
> designs has put an idea into my head.
>
> I was doing some library research earlier today, and stumbled  
> across the Deltic opposed piston engines. I looked into those, and  
> was just utterly floored. "Like, whoa." is what the guy sitting  
> beside me in the library told me I said. Those things rocked in  
> some serious ways, with only a really complicated crankshaft  
> balancing system keeping them from being really workable on a  
> widespread basis. Ideas immediately started pouring through my head  
> on how to revive the OP engine design.
>
> Then I log on to check my e-mail, and see this. "Like, whoa" all  
> over again. I read everything they have on their site. And the  
> thought hits me.
>
> A cam-driven opposed cylinder engine. Cam at one end, cam at the  
> other, 12 cylinders in a round block, 24 pistons riding the two  
> cams. Utterly and completely removes the crankshaft synching issues  
> inherent to the OP design. Low/No exhaust pulse, no valve rattle,  
> no valve timing, drastic moving parts reduction, size reduction, no  
> flywheel needed; with all the reciprocation operating in a front- 
> back orientation, there wouldn't really be any piston pulse to  
> deaden; the mass of the car would do it just fine. Smooth, even  
> rotations, approximately 12 power strokes per revolution to even  
> out the power application. Use small bore/long throw pistons in  
> your cylinders and it would probably even be more incredibly  
> efficient than an inline 3-cylinder.
>
> It would be perfect for that "slow burn" combustion of compression  
> ignition engines.
>
> Perfect for diesel. Even more perfect for BD.
>
> I want to build it. I need to build this.
>
> And all I can think now is "God I'm a geek" :p
>
> -Kurt


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[Biofuel] Start Up Problems

2005-10-15 Thread Peter Currie



G'day group
it is with great embarrassment that l have my first 
post. For 3 months l have been doing test batches (lost Count how many) and 
still cannot past shake test.
Methanol - From a drag racers 44 gallon drum - best 
apparently
Lye - Tiny pearls 99+ - fresh - then 
flake
Oil - supermarket virgin oil
Deep cooker filled with water with thermo (bottling 
type to 120 deg. C )
Drill stand above
2Lt glass jar tall with narrow neck with screw top 
lid with hole for paint stirrer
Have tried lots of combinations re 
mixing time (1hr to 2.5 hr)
Mixing speed - slow 
to fast
amounts of lye - 2.7g to 4.2g per lt
amounts of methanol 200ml to 250ml per 
lt
types of oil - canola , blended edible all say 100% 
unused
After process the product separates nicely and 
after waiting 12-24 hours do shake test with rain water (all l have) usually it 
takes hours to separate with a thick layer in-between of white fluffy cloud like 
stuff (.5 inch thick)
The pearl variety of lye dissolves quickly but is 
hazy whereas the flake is crystal clear. Am heating oil to 55 c then adding 
methoxide then stirring maint temp throughout. Have read and reread JTF site and 
archives but nothing leaps out as obvious, my process seems correct, my 
materials seem correct but l'm starting to feel Very stupid. Is there something 
on this side of the planet that l'm not aware of?. Also would be very keen to 
talk - SEE setup working in Melbourne Aust. I'm in the Dandenongs. Any advice 
would be appreciated, thankyou
Regards
Peter from Oz
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Re: [Biofuel] TEFC Electric Motor Sizing

2005-10-15 Thread francisco j burgos
Dear Mr. Dunn:
certainly you are not the only one that can make good use of such tables or 
calculations.
Hope some body can share info...
Yours truly,
Mr. F.J. Burgos

- Original Message - 
From: "Ken Dunn" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: 
Sent: Saturday, October 15, 2005 2:21 PM
Subject: [Biofuel] TEFC Electric Motor Sizing


> Hi all,
>
> Still gathering my parts for my processor.  I found a 1 inch clear
> water pump that I'm going to use only for transferring the oil.  I
> don't know if anyone has a Habitat for Humanity store near them but,
> they always have a bunch of motors and pumps at the one near me.
>
> Unfortunately, I can't find any used TEFC motors.  I've resigned to
> buying a new TEFC motor for my stir processor.  I'm going to be using
> a 55 gallon drum as my reactor.  Looking at some of Todd Swearingen's
> diagrams and others, I think I should be able to get away with a 1/4
> HP motor.  A 1/3 HP motor is available locally but, I don't want to
> waste any energy or money.  Anyone have any guidelines on motor sizes
> based on processing capacity?
>
> Take care,
> Ken
>
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>
>
> 



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Re: [Biofuel] Multi Fuel Engines

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
You know, reading that and several other concepts and proven designs has put an idea into my head.

I was doing some library research earlier today, and stumbled across
the Deltic opposed piston engines. I looked into those, and was just
utterly floored. "Like, whoa." is what the guy sitting beside me in the
library told me I said. Those things rocked in some serious ways, with
only a really complicated crankshaft balancing system keeping them from
being really workable on a widespread basis. Ideas immediately started
pouring through my head on how to revive the OP engine design.

Then I log on to check my e-mail, and see this. "Like, whoa" all over
again. I read everything they have on their site. And the thought hits
me.

A cam-driven opposed cylinder engine. Cam at one end, cam at the other,
12 cylinders in a round block, 24 pistons riding the two cams. Utterly
and completely removes the crankshaft synching issues inherent to the
OP design. Low/No exhaust pulse, no valve rattle, no valve timing,
drastic moving parts reduction, size reduction, no flywheel needed;
with all the reciprocation operating in a front-back orientation, there
wouldn't really be any piston pulse to deaden; the mass of the car
would do it just fine. Smooth, even rotations, approximately 12 power
strokes per revolution to even out the power application. Use small
bore/long throw pistons in your cylinders and it would probably even be
more incredibly efficient than an inline 3-cylinder. 

It would be perfect for that "slow burn" combustion of compression ignition engines. 

Perfect for diesel. Even more perfect for BD. 

I want to build it. I need to build this. 

And all I can think now is "God I'm a geek" :p

-Kurt
On 10/15/05, Greg and April <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:







Prototype 42 hp Engine 


  6 inches dia. 
  6 inches long 
  42 hp at 7000 rpm 
  40lbs. 
  Tested at NAVAIR PSEF Oct. 2003 
http://www.regtech.com/18.html
 
Greg H.

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread JJJN
Hi Brian,
A magnetic mixer is just a small DC motor that is variable speed that 
rotates a STRONG magnet under a platform. You then place in the jug PVC 
or Polyethylene coated Magnets and screw the lid on.  Turn on the mixer 
and its like a blender inside.  If you do use Red devil lye it can get 
reallly hot fast but I never melted or expanded to much. I rather 
prefer the slower dissolving lye with this type of mixer.  I got mine 
free as it was replaced with a newer one and was gathering dust. when we 
moved our lab my good friend the chemist gave it to me rather than throw 
it away.  They would be real easy to build and the part that goes in the 
Methoxil is cheap at NW Scientific Supply I can give you the email if 
you want it.

Jim

Brian Rodgers wrote:

>Hi Jim
>" I use Lab grade Lye that is in pellets not grains like Red Devil."
>Please give us newbies a few possible sources, this is a tease.
>"It takes more time to dissolve but I use a magnetic mixer so the
>reaction is in an air tight container and can be left for however long
>while i do other things.
>I will Google "Magnetic mixer" but an explanation from you would be
>great too. What is? Where to find? Standard lab equipment? Etc. It
>sounds pretty damn cool.
>Not sure how to search the archives for a resource list. Kieth, can you help?
>Once I get today's mini test batch figured out I will need to begin
>the task of relieving my on anxiety over where to find chemicals in my
>area.
>I spent quite a bit of time with my 87 year old father last night
>talking chemistry. He's retired forty years, but I have been copy and
>pasting stuff from you all and the journeytoforever web site over to
>him since early Summer. Now that I am getting set to do this I have
>sent him more scientific data and less youthful emotional fanfare.
>Today I make the sodium methoxide.
>I better get after it.
>Brian Rodgers
>  
>
>>Good Luck,
>>Jim
>>
>>Rafal Szczesniak wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>>Hi,
>>>
>>>I've recently bought new fresh methyl alcohol and lye. I have measured
>>>out exact amounts, mixed lye with methanol and - a bit of a surprise,
>>>the solution haven't actually got warm. No temperature, fumes,
>>>whatsoever. Is this normal, or could I have done something wrong ?
>>>
>>>The chemicals are most probably pure and good quality. Also, lye has
>>>been completely dissolved.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>  
>>>
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>>
>>
>
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>
>  
>

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Re: [Biofuel] Getting Ready for Winter

2005-10-15 Thread robert luis rabello
Keith Addison wrote:
> Hello Doug, Robert

Hello Keith!

> Lots about sq ft gardens here:
> 
> http://journeytoforever.org/garden.html
> Organic gardening

Aw, come on!  You mean I don't have to sterilize my soil first, then 
pile on a bunch of "mineral supplements", herbicides and pesticides in 
order to get a good crop?  Who is gonna make money composting?


http://foodforeveryone.org/vegetable_gardening/20/what-is-the-mittleider-method

These people make it sound easy.  However, if you read the Mittlieder 
book you'll discover its all about perpetual dependence on 
fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides.  It's a "one size fits all" 
method.  Here are some quotes to boil your blood:

"Although soil conditioning is good, precision placement of 
properly 
balanced commercial fertilizers is more efficient."

And:

"Most commercial fertilizers must be properly balanced and then 
supplemented with micro-nutrients for optimal effect.
Apply fertilizer before you plant and several time thereafter. 
Use fertilizer to control weeds between plants."

Oh boy!  I've spent the last two years trying to get AWAY from that 
kind of mentality and we've seen good results this year.  (We've given 
away better than half of what our garden produced, simply because we 
could neither eat it nor store it all.) Part of the problem, however, 
is that there is a HUGE amount of propaganda disseminating among the 
public concerning the supposed superiority of industrial agriculture, 
even on a garden scale.


robert luis rabello
"The Edge of Justice"
Adventure for Your Mind
http://www.newadventure.ca

Ranger Supercharger Project Page
http://www.members.shaw.ca/rabello/


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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
It sounds like a great new toy, but believe me - you don't really need
magnetic mixer to prepare methoxide solution :) If you want to playwith it, that's a different matter, but it's quite enough to use
ordinary thick plastic HDPE bottle carefully swirling it. It takesa bit of time, but hydroxide must be completely dissolved.

I remember using those things  in high school Chemistry class, they were awesome!

I've often contemplated (recently) how to make one of my own,
improvised kinda; the ones I remember were rather small, and I'm
thinking of using it as a way to keep my methoxide mixer pretty much
sealed down to as few cuts as possible in the plastic; a magnetic
stirrer would let me reduce it by a mixer shaft opening, after all.

>From what I can tell, in essence they're just a pair of rotating
magnets; one is directly rotated by a motor, and the other is rotated
by the first's magnetic field. You'd need a much stronger drive magnet
than stirrer magnet, I'd imagine, and a home built one would probably
only have a few inches of effective separation distance, but it could
probably be done. Rig up a motor on a dimmer, get an HDPE coated
stirring magnet, and go at it?

Sounds like fun, to me. :p

-K

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
On 10/15/05, Brian Rodgers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Ok very cool I just might try it now and close everything up tightwhile working.Brian Rodgers

Best of luck to ya, once more. And now I need to get back to work before they decided I'm not earning my pay. ;p

-Kurt
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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Ok very cool I just might try it now and close everything up tight
while working.
Brian Rodgers


On 10/15/05, Kurt Nolte <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
> On 10/15/05, Brian Rodgers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > I do recall that that ambient humidity messes with the methoxide
> > mixing. Should I wait until the rain quits to continue with the
> > experiment?
>
>  Lye is hygroscopic; it absorbs water quite readily.
>
>  Yeah, I'd suggest waiting for it to quit raining, as ambient humidity
> increases will throw off your measurement of lye on both a mass and
> volumetric basis because of absorption into the pellets or grains.
>
>  Now if the humidity in your house is still low, you could always quickly
> measure it out and put it in a sealed container with your methanol, then
> hustle outside to mix it; I use Mason jars to mix my methoxide in for test
> batches.
>
>  -K

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
On 10/15/05, Brian Rodgers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
I do recall that that ambient humidity messes with the methoxidemixing. Should I wait until the rain quits to continue with the
experiment?
Lye is hygroscopic; it absorbs water quite readily. 

Yeah, I'd suggest waiting for it to quit raining, as ambient humidity
increases will throw off your measurement of lye on both a mass and
volumetric basis because of absorption into the pellets or grains. 

Now if the humidity in your house is still low, you could always
quickly measure it out and put it in a sealed container with your
methanol, then hustle outside to mix it; I use Mason jars to mix my
methoxide in for test batches. 

-K
 
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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Yeah I too am getting into this sharing of information, although I
don't know squat worth sharing yet.

On 10/15/05, Kurt Nolte <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Not a problem, I encourage sharing experiences and tricks.
>
>  Like I said, I had some of my best results to date on test batches using
> this method, a nice good clear yellow color top layer and a smooth
> separation, and it's so far washed very nicely. At least you don't also have
> to contend with 76% humidity, eh? ^.~
Funny you should mention this... In the last half hour it began
pouring rain. I ran outside to get the firewood covered and now I am
soaked. Meanwhile my wife got a roaring fire going in our heavily
modified wood heater. It is now warming and drying us.

I do recall that that ambient humidity messes with the methoxide
mixing. Should I wait until the rain quits to continue with the
experiment?
Brian Rodgers

>  Good luck to ya man. Let me know how it works for you, I may ultimately
> refine the process with an eye toward really low cost production. Or
> automation; easier to stop at a volume than a weight, I think.
>
>  -K
>
>
>
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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
Not a problem, I encourage sharing experiences and tricks.

Like I said, I had some of my best results to date on test batches
using this method, a nice good clear yellow color top layer and a
smooth separation, and it's so far washed very nicely. At least you
don't also have to contend with 76% humidity, eh? ^.~

Good luck to ya man. Let me know how it works for you, I may ultimately
refine the process with an eye toward really low cost production. Or
automation; easier to stop at a volume than a weight, I think. 

-K
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Re: [Biofuel] Resource windfall!

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
Copper and vegetable oil: "I'm not so worried about the copper but
what the copper does to the fuel. Did you ever check what happened toyour fuel properties like oxidation stability and acid value? A lotof research has been done in Germany on VO (and biodiesel) fuelproperties, and who I consider as the leading experts clearly warn
against using copper in connection with VO because of the catalyticeffect it has on the VO. The laboratory ASG Analytik-Service(http://www.asg-analytik.de), who were involved in the research
leading to the "Rape Seed Oil Fuel Standard", says that just a fewPPM of copper in VO will change the oxidation stability... [In SVOsystems] with a catalytic metal, I think you have the best conditions
and environment for decomposition of the VO, and the effects it hason the fuel properties again have an impact on the engineperformance, engine conditions (lifetime) and emissions composition."-- Niels Ansø, Folkecenter, Denmark
http://www.folkecenter.dk/plant-oil/plant-oil_en.htm

Dang. Guess PVC it is then. 

Thanks for the links, they'll make for interesting reading during breaks at work.

Peace out
-K

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Great thanks Kurt
This is what we were looking for. We even attempted to find the
specific gravity of lye, but that didn't pan out. It was getting too
complicated for us. A trip to town would be simpler we figured.
On 10/15/05, Kurt Nolte <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hey Brian
>  I've run into problems with measuring lye myself, and ultimately managed to
> work out a loose but somewhat workable way to measure out the lye by volume.
> It produced some of my best results to date, too, so I think I'm safe to
> share it with yas.
>
>  Sodium Hydroxide has a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter. Since a
> cubic centimeter = a milliliter, you can use your beaker with mL scale on it
> to measure out the lye volumetrically. For a test batch with virgin oil it's
> going to be some incredibly small number; under 2ml, I believe. I was only
> doing a 300mL test batch, so I needed under a milliliter of NaOH.
>
>  Using the density of NaOH, convert your titrated grams into milliliters,
> then measure them out volumetrically and add to your methanol as per normal.
> I'd suggest erring on the side of caution when measuring it out though;
> unless your beaker is graduated in .01mL increments it might be hard to get
> a truly accurate volume.
>
>  I decided when I tried it to err on the low side, as an incomplete reaction
> I've read can be reprocessed but too much lye is worse news on the washing
> step.
We will try this.
>  In the end though, all these guys on the list are right; there's no
> substitute for a good, accurate gram scale.
I agree but you know how it is with the first step in a new process,
we want to see where it goes even if it does not work at all.
Experimenting in New Mexico,
Brian Rodgers

Just picked on up myself, in
> fact, measures out to .1 grams with a 500g capacity.
>
>  Good luck to ya!
>
>  -K

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
Hey Brian

I've run into problems with measuring lye myself, and ultimately
managed to work out a loose but somewhat workable way to measure out
the lye by volume. It produced some of my best results to date, too, so
I think I'm safe to share it with yas. 

Sodium Hydroxide has a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter. Since
a cubic centimeter = a milliliter, you can use your beaker with mL
scale on it to measure out the lye volumetrically. For a test batch
with virgin oil it's going to be some incredibly small number; under
2ml, I believe. I was only doing a 300mL test batch, so I needed under
a milliliter of NaOH. 

Using the density of NaOH, convert your titrated grams into
milliliters, then measure them out volumetrically and add to your
methanol as per normal. I'd suggest erring on the side of caution when
measuring it out though; unless your beaker is graduated in .01mL
increments it might be hard to get a truly accurate volume. 

I decided when I tried it to err on the low side, as an incomplete
reaction I've read can be reprocessed but too much lye is worse news on
the washing step. 

In the end though, all these guys on the list are right; there's no
substitute for a good, accurate gram scale. Just picked on up myself,
in fact, measures out to .1 grams with a 500g capacity. 

Good luck to ya!

-K
On 10/15/05, Brian Rodgers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Hi biodieselersI am here with my wife in our kitchen working on our first titration of WVO.We have determined through heating a sample of WVO that no water ispresent. We have found a soil test kit that has several types of
litmus paper. We did several tests of the litmus to determine if itwas still fairly accurate by testing a light solution of lye water,household water, distilled water and finally battery acid. We havecompared the litmus paper color change and are satisfied that we can
tell the difference in major pH scales. By the way, thisexperimentation is too much fun.We have several browser windows open to the archives and conversiontables for reference. It seems the first thing I forgot to collect for
this first test is a gram scale. We live 15 miles from town and ahopeful there is a way to measure the lye without making a specialtrip. Or, are we done for the day?We have a decent thermometer, 1 beaker with ml scale, two syringes
with cc scales, goggles, gloves and lots of excitement.Our question is this: Can we do this first step without the scale?What else are we forgetting if a trip to town is needed?Thanks for your help.
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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Hi
> It sounds like a great new toy, but believe me - you don't really need
> magnetic mixer to prepare methoxide solution :) If you want to play
I think you are right. If you can take a look at a post I just sent
under a modified thread name "[biofuel] methoxide solution- missing
scale" you will see that real world issues have already hit us. This
"doing it" phase has made me realise that I forgot a basic tool, the
gram scale. Dang it. Anyone that can help us figure out how to measure
the lye with no scale would be looked upon as a living god by us.
If not I will go find a scale and start again tomorrow.
Thanks again
Brian & Nell Rodgers

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[Biofuel] methoxide solution - missing scale

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Hi biodieselers
I am here with my wife in our kitchen working on our first titration of WVO.
We have determined through heating a sample of WVO that no water is
present. We have found a soil test kit that has several types of
litmus paper. We did several tests of the litmus to determine if it
was still fairly accurate by testing a light solution of lye water,
household water, distilled water and finally battery acid. We have
compared the litmus paper color change and are satisfied that we can
tell the difference in major pH scales. By the way, this
experimentation is too much fun.

We have several browser windows open to the archives and conversion
tables for reference. It seems the first thing I forgot to collect for
this first test is a gram scale. We live 15 miles from town and a
hopeful there is a way to measure the lye without making a special
trip. Or, are we done for the day?

We have a decent thermometer, 1 beaker with ml scale, two syringes
with cc scales, goggles, gloves and lots of excitement.

Our question is this: Can we do this first step without the scale?
What else are we forgetting if a trip to town is needed?

Thanks for your help.
Brian & Nell Rodgers

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Rafal Szczesniak
On Sat, Oct 15, 2005 at 07:00:21AM -0600, Brian Rodgers wrote:

Brian,

> I will Google "Magnetic mixer" but an explanation from you would be
> great too. What is? Where to find? Standard lab equipment? Etc. It
> sounds pretty damn cool.

It sounds like a great new toy, but believe me - you don't really need
magnetic mixer to prepare methoxide solution :) If you want to play
with it, that's a different matter, but it's quite enough to use
ordinary thick plastic HDPE bottle carefully swirling it. It takes
a bit of time, but hydroxide must be completely dissolved.


-- 
cheers,

 Rafal Szczesniak  **mir[at]diament.iit.pwr.wroc.pl
 Samba Team member mi***[at]samba.org
+-+
 *BSD, GNU/Linux and Samba  http://www.samba.org
+-+


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Re: [Biofuel] Resource windfall!

2005-10-15 Thread Keith Addison
>I was rooting around under the house recently, trying to find a 
>rumored stockpile of materials left over from when we built the 
>house, and lo and behold I found it.
>
>Or something that pretended to be it, at least.
>
>I now have, in my possession, some several dozen feet of copper 
>piping, elbows, Y-connectors, Ts, and a good number of ball valves 
>for same piping. As well as four 55 gallon drums, all plastic. Also 
>in this little treasure trove was a 1/4hp motor (1730RPM) and a pair 
>of 1/3hp motors (3300 and 1500RPM), a rather large box of electrical 
>connectors, a small mini-breaker panel, and some three thouand feet 
>of 12ga three conductor wire. Around fifty or so linear feet of PVC 
>piping as well, and joints and connectors for that are easy to find. 
>Rock on, I may not really have to buy anything for a 
>processor later.
>
>Just one question, and I haven't been able to find any mention of 
>problems (Though I haven't exactly done an in-depth search yet) 
>concerning using copper piping for everything. Does Methoxide have 
>any problems with it? BD? I know the oil probably won't, and from 
>the use of copper in a methanol condensor I hazard that it doesn't 
>have a problem with it either.
>
>And does anyone know where I can just by pump heads, not full blown pumps?
>
>Peace out
>-K

Copper and vegetable oil: "I'm not so worried about the copper but 
what the copper does to the fuel. Did you ever check what happened to 
your fuel properties like oxidation stability and acid value? A lot 
of research has been done in Germany on VO (and biodiesel) fuel 
properties, and who I consider as the leading experts clearly warn 
against using copper in connection with VO because of the catalytic 
effect it has on the VO. The laboratory ASG Analytik-Service 
(http://www.asg-analytik.de), who were involved in the research 
leading to the "Rape Seed Oil Fuel Standard", says that just a few 
PPM of copper in VO will change the oxidation stability... [In SVO 
systems] with a catalytic metal, I think you have the best conditions 
and environment for decomposition of the VO, and the effects it has 
on the fuel properties again have an impact on the engine 
performance, engine conditions (lifetime) and emissions composition." 
-- Niels Ansø, Folkecenter, Denmark
http://www.folkecenter.dk/plant-oil/plant-oil_en.htm

Standardisierung von Rapsöl als Kraftstoff - Untersuchungen zu 
Kenngröben, Prüfverhafen und Grenzwerten, by Edgar Remmele, thesis on 
vegetable oil as fuel -- see pp 144-146 for the effects of copper on 
vegetable oil. Acrobat file, 1.4Mb - in German. Google translation - 
http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en
http://tumb1.biblio.tu-muenchen.de/publ/diss/ww/2002/remmele.pdf

Best

Keith


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Re: [Biofuel] Getting Ready for Winter

2005-10-15 Thread Keith Addison
Hello Doug, Robert

>Hi Robert:
>
>I've used red clover as a cover crop in the fall.  It doesn't grow too
>much, fixes a little nitrogen, and is relatively easy to turn over in the
>spring.  I have not tried using clover for an entire growing season but I
>don't see why it wouldn't work.  The red clover was suggested by my
>father-in-law who has a cash crop / dairy operation in eastern Ontario.
>As for gardening methods, I became a convert to the "square foot" method
>about 10 years ago.  There was a television series on PBS that piqued my
>interest so I purchased the companion book, "Square Foot Gardening," by Mel
>Bartholomew (ISBN:0-87857-341-0 paperback version).

Lots about sq ft gardens here:

http://journeytoforever.org/garden.html
Organic gardening

http://journeytoforever.org/garden_sqft.html
Building a square foot garden
Where to build it
Is the soil fertile enough?
Raised beds and double-digging
Paths
The sides
Sizes and shapes
Trellises
Cement
Soil
No compost?
Plant spacing guides

Best wishes

Keith


>With a little careful planning, I've found that our basic 10 foot by 25
>foot vegetable plot is more than enough for my wife and I as well a few
>treats for the neighbours.  No chemicals, easy access for weeding and great
>yields.  Here's a typical example.  This year I grew a supersweet variety of
>corn the yield was 22 cobs from a 4 foot square plot which contained 16
>plants.  I applied compost as suggested in the book and a teaspoon of blood
>meal in the spring when the plants were about 20cm tall.
>
>Hope this helps,
>
>Doug Turner
>in zone 6
>
>- Original Message -
>From: "robert luis rabello" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>To: 
>Sent: Friday, October 14, 2005 1:13 PM
>Subject: [Biofuel] Getting Ready for Winter
>
>
> > pile, I will collect a few more truck loads of barn litter, then
> > rototill the garden plot for the winter.  Does anyone have a
> > suggestion for a "cover crop"?  I'd like to keep the weeds down, and
> > something that fixes nitrogen (especially where we had our corn
>
> > I've found that my garden is a lot of work, but at my age that
> > doesn't really hurt me.  My eldest son is not in school right now
>SNIPPED


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[Biofuel] TEFC Electric Motor Sizing

2005-10-15 Thread Ken Dunn
Hi all,

Still gathering my parts for my processor.  I found a 1 inch clear
water pump that I'm going to use only for transferring the oil.  I
don't know if anyone has a Habitat for Humanity store near them but,
they always have a bunch of motors and pumps at the one near me.

Unfortunately, I can't find any used TEFC motors.  I've resigned to
buying a new TEFC motor for my stir processor.  I'm going to be using
a 55 gallon drum as my reactor.  Looking at some of Todd Swearingen's
diagrams and others, I think I should be able to get away with a 1/4
HP motor.  A 1/3 HP motor is available locally but, I don't want to
waste any energy or money.  Anyone have any guidelines on motor sizes
based on processing capacity?

Take care,
Ken

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[Biofuel] Multi Fuel Engines

2005-10-15 Thread Greg and April



Prototype 42 hp Engine 


  6 inches dia. 
  6 inches long 
  42 hp at 7000 rpm 
  40lbs. 
  Tested at NAVAIR PSEF Oct. 2003 
http://www.regtech.com/18.html
 
Greg H.
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[Biofuel] How to make the biodiesel production with acid catalyst quickly?

2005-10-15 Thread tcltool



The process is much slow than alkali catalyst,how can 
i short the reaction time?thanks! 
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Re: [Biofuel] Resource windfall!

2005-10-15 Thread des
I've gotten a couple of submersible pump ends (heads?) from a well 
drilling outfit that regularly replaces pumps that die after getting hit 
by lightning.  Only the motor dies, and they had a pile for me to hunt 
through.  Didn't notice anything for above ground, since that wasn't 
what I was looking for.  You may have a similar resource where you live.

I'd guess that above ground pumps can suffer the same fate, though I 
hear of the pump end of the above ground pumps going out first in the 
winter, water freezing and bursting the pump.

doug swanson



>  
> And does anyone know where I can just by pump heads, not full blown pumps?
>  
> Peace out
> -K
> 
> 
> 
> 
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-- 
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

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[Biofuel] Resource windfall!

2005-10-15 Thread Kurt Nolte
I was rooting around under the house recently, trying to find a rumored stockpile of materials left over from when we built the house, and lo and behold I found it. 
 
Or something that pretended to be it, at least. 
 
I now have, in my possession, some several dozen feet of copper piping, elbows, Y-connectors, Ts, and a good number of ball valves for same piping. As well as four 55 gallon drums, all plastic. Also in this little treasure trove was a 1/4hp motor (1730RPM) and a pair of 1/3hp motors (3300 and 1500RPM), a rather large box of electrical connectors, a small mini-breaker panel, and some three thouand feet of 12ga three conductor wire. Around fifty or so linear feet of PVC piping as well, and joints and connectors for that are easy to find. Rock on, I may not really have to buy anything for a processor later. 

 
Just one question, and I haven't been able to find any mention of problems (Though I haven't exactly done an in-depth search yet) concerning using copper piping for everything. Does Methoxide have any problems with it? BD? I know the oil probably won't, and from the use of copper in a methanol condensor I hazard that it doesn't have a problem with it either.

 
And does anyone know where I can just by pump heads, not full blown pumps?
 
Peace out
-K
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[Biofuel] Americans ugly and otherwise...

2005-10-15 Thread Mike Weaver




Outside of my little nest here on the East Coast I feel like a stranger
in my own land.  I go to the Midwest to visit family and I cannot and
do not talk to them about politics..  I have come to realize, after 40
years, that they won't and probably can't change.  I prize family above
rhetoric.  I have finally learned it is better, in some cases to be
happy than to be right.  OTOH, I did not live thru what they did: 
WWII, most of them have been working since they could walk, and did not
have the benefits I have had.

My father left Arkansas in his teens, got a degree, was drafted and got
a PhD.  He moved East and saw to it that his childred all went to
college and grad school.  We have all travelled overseas and in some
cases lived and/or worked in the 3rd world.  As Mark Twain said: 
nothing is as deadly to prejudice as travel.

I have to agree with pretty much everything you say.  Except, we have
no real foreign policy, nor do we really have an energy policy.  We
have a bully policy.
No wonder 90% or the world is mad at us.  I don't blame them.

OTOH, the French are not without warts - look at West Africa.  I am
also interested to see what happens with Western Europe with regards to
their economies.
The Western European countries are belatedly realizing you can't just
conjure an economy.  You have to have money before you can have
generous social programs.  This what Germany and France are wrestling
with now.  I personally think a realistic economic base - fewer
regulations in some cases - in France it's pratically illegal to start
a small business, and God help you if you fail - you can expect to
investigated for fraud no matter what happened.  Complain about the
USll you want but you can start a business w/o fear of gaol.  This one
of the thing we do have to offer as a model for other countries.

This country has a ways to go in terms of social programs.  I still
can't believe we don't have SOME form of national health.  The current
system is collapsing.  My sister is a doctor and I can tell you the
current program is failing.  I also believe that we need some form
child care - if both parents must work there must be a safe place for
their children.  Europe is miles ahead of us here.

I rattle on...

Mike

Hakan Falk wrote:

  Mike,

Ugly is your addition and I love Americans, the only thing
that I do not like is their foreign policies, energy policies.
and the political/economy corruption by the US corporations.

By the way, I also like the French. My daughter in law and
grandchildren are French.

Hakan

At 23:21 14/10/2005, you wrote:
  
  
!! What about us ugly Americans?

Hakan Falk wrote:


  I really like this list and its members, including the French
and Canadian French. LOL

It is fun with the sparks and the humor.

Hakan

At 20:52 14/10/2005, you wrote:

  
  
I generally take a shower once a month whether I need it or not.
(in the summer of course, in the winter we can take snow baths every day)

PS for all you foreigners. underwear can be
recycled four times (inside out, back and front)
this is of course common sense to Canadians but
I am sensitive to the international nature of this list.

Joe

Frantz DESPREZ wrote:



  Mike Weaver a écrit :



  
  
M. Falk:

As a person with (minor) French ancestry, I am shocked and offended at
your suggestion that the French do not bathe regularly.
I challenge you to defend yourself in a duel of honor.  Shampoo at
fifty yards, the first one to achieve a glossy sheen to be declared
the winner.
I name as my seconds Vidal Sasoon and the Breck girl.  If the first
duel is not satisfactory, we will rinse and repeat.

Prepare to meet your suds.

M. Weaver




  
  M. Weaver,

I am very grateful of your sollicitude, but be careful, scandinavians
are famous for their weapons of mass desinfection.
They could invite you into a steam bath until you've been cooked, before
roll you in snow or dive in icy water.
None a civilized gentleman as you surely are can resist such a barbarian
treatment.
And since Volvo refused to married Renault, we are in bad t(h)erms.

M. Desprez
( with half of my ancestry from Normandy, so Hakan is maybe a cousin of
mine)

  

  
  






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[Biofuel] Cleanliness is next to Oddliness

2005-10-15 Thread Mike Weaver




DC.  In the Summer I almost always take a quick shower.  I usually use
Castile soap - trying to see how hard it is to make.  It costs a
fortune.
Anyone ever make liquid Castile soap?

-Mike

Kurt Nolte wrote:
On 10/14/05, Mike Weaver
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
  
  I
agree.  Only on weeks where I do real work - splitting wood or such do
I take a shower daily.  Mostly every other day is fine.  This is not
always true in the Summer, though.  I am on the East Coast.
  
  
  
Northeast or Southeast? Or even worse, Deep South? 
  
They're something of a requirement here in the Southeast. Humidity up
around 70-80 percent all year 'round, with summertime heat indexes
spiking up over 115-120F. 
  
Plus I bike to work each morning, a good 15-16 miles, and home again in
the afternoon (In the middle of that heat, ugh!), so during the summer
I will instead often do two shorter "semi-showers"; the one in the
morning is more to rinse out the hair and get it manageable, with a
more "normal" shower after I've biked in that heat. 
  
I guess though that I'm weird, cold showers are my preference.
Certainly less taxing on our NG water heater, though. And cool showers
are pretty effective at cleaning if you've been sweating heavily
recently, I've found. Very relaxing too. 
  
Just another data point. 
-Kurt
  

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Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Mike Weaver




Where do you buy it?

JJJN wrote:

  Hi Rafal,
I use Lab grade Lye that is in pellets not grains like Red Devil.  It 
dissolves slower and as a result the reaction producing the heat takes 
longer.  It makes Great Bio and seems to stay translucent longer (not 
carbonated).  It does not get hot like RD lye does. It takes more time 
to dissolve but I use a magnetic mixer so the reaction is in an air 
tight container and can be left for however long while i do other things.

Good Luck,
Jim

Rafal Szczesniak wrote:

  
  
Hi,

I've recently bought new fresh methyl alcohol and lye. I have measured
out exact amounts, mixed lye with methanol and - a bit of a surprise,
the solution haven't actually got warm. No temperature, fumes,
whatsoever. Is this normal, or could I have done something wrong ?

The chemicals are most probably pure and good quality. Also, lye has
been completely dissolved.


 


  
  
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Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat recovery and low tech Solar collectors????

2005-10-15 Thread Mike Weaver
Hoo pig, Soooeee!

My family hails from NW Arkansas.

bob allen wrote:

>I live in Arkansas,US of A, so it is the third world, except we have a 
>"nucular" reactor.
>
>Tom Irwin wrote:> Hi Bob,>  > You mean people heating their water with 
>electricity aren't using flow > limiting shower heads. Why I'm shocked to hear 
>this. You must be talking > about people who live in the third world not the 
>first. Whew, I was > really worried there for a minute. But wait I'm confused, 
>most people > living in developing countries don't have accress to electricity 
>to heat > their hot water. What's going on here.>  > Tom Irwin>  > > 
>> 
>*From:* bob allen [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]> *To:* 
>Biofuel@sustainablelists.org> *Sent:* Fri, 14 Oct 2005 09:53:14 -0300> 
>*Subject:* Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat recovery and low tech Solar> 
>collectors> > Although my observations will offset in terms of net 
>effects, a fifteen> minute shower is a really really long shower in my 
>experience. A few> years ago I had students go out and calculate energy 
>use for showers.> average length 3 to 4 minutes, temperature around 40 C, 
>and flow rate> varied from 2 to 6 gallons per minute, average on the high 
>end about 5> gal/min. this from a combination of dorms, apartments, and 
>single> family homes.> > > > > > Tom Irwin wrote:>  > Hi Mike,>
>  >>  > Lets do a quick calc. Let's say flow is a gallon a minute for 15>  
>> minutes. Let's say you like really hot showers at about 45C.> Let's 
>say>  > room temp is 20C giving us a differential of 25C. Mass x 
>Temperature>  > change x specific heat.>  > hm less than 
>6000 kilojoules. Yep, ridiculous, meaning I> wouldn't>  > waste may 
>time or capital. Of course, I didn't really consider> leaving>  > the 
>water in the bathtub. That will heat ya twice, once from the> waste>  
>> heat and again when you scrub the tub.>  >>  > Tom Irwin>  >>
>  >>  >> 
>>  
>> *From:* Michael Redler [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]> 
>]>  > *To:* 
>Biofuel@sustainablelists.org> 
>>  > *Sent:* Thu, 
>13 Oct 2005 10:31:05 -0300>  > *Subject:* Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat 
>recovery and low tech Solar>  > collectors>  >>  > With all 
>due respect Tom, when I see someone use the word>  > "ridiculous" in 
>threads like this, I usually think of the people who>  > actually believe 
>that the buck stops with them, every possible>  > scenario has been 
>explored and all possible conclusions made as to>  > the potential of an 
>idea (even if you put "seems" in front of it).>  > It is presumptuous and 
>discounts contributions made by people like>  > John who present and 
>argument and back it up with something other>  > than conjecture.>  >> 
> > Although, I'm not convinced that the concept can work effectively, I>   
>   > think of the variables involved, like the energy necessary to heat>  
>> the water from ambient, the amount of water being heated and the>  > 
>difference in temperature.>  >>  > "...bacteria that will definitely 
>grow and clog heat exchange> tubing.">  >>  > Fouling is a 
>foregone conclusion in most heat exchanger applications>  > and If 
>clogging from bacteria were that severe, I suspect that most>  > people 
>would be taking baths, whether they want to or not.>  >>  > 
>"...problems in trying to recover shower water at 40 or 45 C">  >>  > 
>Air conditioners are expected to function in similar situations. One>  > 
>thing about using heat pumps for generating heat is that>  > inefficiency 
>in the cycle is not necessarily a bad thing. After all,>  > you are trying 
>to generate heat. This is not a new idea. Below is an>  > article from 
>www.motherearthnews.com>  > which talks about applying it to>  > solar 
>and geothermal systems. In addition, I know that it is used to>  > recover 
>heat from attics for domestic hot water. I think that heat>  > recovery 
>from waste water might also be an appropriate application.>  >>  > 
>"Though solar energy is likely to be one of the most popular heat>  > 
>sources for the new absorption-cycle heat pump, the design is>  > equally 
>well suited to cogeneration systems using waste heat or>  > geothermal 
>heat sources.">  >>  > *http://tinyurl.com/dxk4p>  >>  > 
>*Mike>  >>  >>  > */Tom Irwin>  > >/* wrote:>  >>  > 
>Hi John,>  >>  >>  > Just because graywater has some heat in it 
>does not make it>  > economically recoverable. Graywater is a wonderful 
>breeding>  > ground for fungi and bacteria that will definitely grow and 
>clo

Re: [Biofuel] methoxide solution

2005-10-15 Thread Brian Rodgers
Hi Jim
" I use Lab grade Lye that is in pellets not grains like Red Devil."
Please give us newbies a few possible sources, this is a tease.
"It takes more time to dissolve but I use a magnetic mixer so the
reaction is in an air tight container and can be left for however long
while i do other things.
I will Google "Magnetic mixer" but an explanation from you would be
great too. What is? Where to find? Standard lab equipment? Etc. It
sounds pretty damn cool.
Not sure how to search the archives for a resource list. Kieth, can you help?
Once I get today's mini test batch figured out I will need to begin
the task of relieving my on anxiety over where to find chemicals in my
area.
I spent quite a bit of time with my 87 year old father last night
talking chemistry. He's retired forty years, but I have been copy and
pasting stuff from you all and the journeytoforever web site over to
him since early Summer. Now that I am getting set to do this I have
sent him more scientific data and less youthful emotional fanfare.
Today I make the sodium methoxide.
I better get after it.
Brian Rodgers
>
> Good Luck,
> Jim
>
> Rafal Szczesniak wrote:
>
> >Hi,
> >
> >I've recently bought new fresh methyl alcohol and lye. I have measured
> >out exact amounts, mixed lye with methanol and - a bit of a surprise,
> >the solution haven't actually got warm. No temperature, fumes,
> >whatsoever. Is this normal, or could I have done something wrong ?
> >
> >The chemicals are most probably pure and good quality. Also, lye has
> >been completely dissolved.
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
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Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat recovery and low tech Solar collectors????

2005-10-15 Thread bob allen
I live in Arkansas,US of A, so it is the third world, except we have a 
"nucular" reactor.


Tom Irwin wrote:
> Hi Bob,
>  
> You mean people heating their water with electricity aren't using flow 
> limiting shower heads. Why I'm shocked to hear this. You must be talking 
> about people who live in the third world not the first. Whew, I was 
> really worried there for a minute. But wait I'm confused, most people 
> living in developing countries don't have accress to electricity to heat 
> their hot water. What's going on here.
>  
> Tom Irwin
>  
> 
> 
> *From:* bob allen [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> *To:* Biofuel@sustainablelists.org
> *Sent:* Fri, 14 Oct 2005 09:53:14 -0300
> *Subject:* Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat recovery and low tech Solar
> collectors
> 
> Although my observations will offset in terms of net effects, a fifteen
> minute shower is a really really long shower in my experience. A few
> years ago I had students go out and calculate energy use for showers.
> average length 3 to 4 minutes, temperature around 40 C, and flow rate
> varied from 2 to 6 gallons per minute, average on the high end about 5
> gal/min. this from a combination of dorms, apartments, and single
> family homes.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Tom Irwin wrote:
>  > Hi Mike,
>  >
>  > Lets do a quick calc. Let's say flow is a gallon a minute for 15
>  > minutes. Let's say you like really hot showers at about 45C.
> Let's say
>  > room temp is 20C giving us a differential of 25C. Mass x Temperature
>  > change x specific heat.
>  > hm less than 6000 kilojoules. Yep, ridiculous, meaning I
> wouldn't
>  > waste may time or capital. Of course, I didn't really consider
> leaving
>  > the water in the bathtub. That will heat ya twice, once from the
> waste
>  > heat and again when you scrub the tub.
>  >
>  > Tom Irwin
>  >
>  >
>  >
> 
>  > *From:* Michael Redler [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> ]
>  > *To:* Biofuel@sustainablelists.org
> 
>  > *Sent:* Thu, 13 Oct 2005 10:31:05 -0300
>  > *Subject:* Re: [Biofuel] Grey water heat recovery and low tech Solar
>  > collectors
>  >
>  > With all due respect Tom, when I see someone use the word
>  > "ridiculous" in threads like this, I usually think of the people who
>  > actually believe that the buck stops with them, every possible
>  > scenario has been explored and all possible conclusions made as to
>  > the potential of an idea (even if you put "seems" in front of it).
>  > It is presumptuous and discounts contributions made by people like
>  > John who present and argument and back it up with something other
>  > than conjecture.
>  >
>  > Although, I'm not convinced that the concept can work effectively, I
>  > think of the variables involved, like the energy necessary to heat
>  > the water from ambient, the amount of water being heated and the
>  > difference in temperature.
>  >
>  > "...bacteria that will definitely grow and clog heat exchange
> tubing."
>  >
>  > Fouling is a foregone conclusion in most heat exchanger applications
>  > and If clogging from bacteria were that severe, I suspect that most
>  > people would be taking baths, whether they want to or not.
>  >
>  > "...problems in trying to recover shower water at 40 or 45 C"
>  >
>  > Air conditioners are expected to function in similar situations. One
>  > thing about using heat pumps for generating heat is that
>  > inefficiency in the cycle is not necessarily a bad thing. After all,
>  > you are trying to generate heat. This is not a new idea. Below is an
>  > article from www.motherearthnews.com
>  > which talks about applying it to
>  > solar and geothermal systems. In addition, I know that it is used to
>  > recover heat from attics for domestic hot water. I think that heat
>  > recovery from waste water might also be an appropriate application.
>  >
>  > "Though solar energy is likely to be one of the most popular heat
>  > sources for the new absorption-cycle heat pump, the design is
>  > equally well suited to cogeneration systems using waste heat or
>  > geothermal heat sources."
>  >
>  > *http://tinyurl.com/dxk4p
>  >
>  > *Mike
>  >
>  >
>  > */Tom Irwin
>  > >/* wrote:
>  >
>  > Hi John,
>  >
>  >
>  > Just because graywater has some heat in it does not make it
>  > economically recoverable. Graywater is a wonderful breeding
>  > ground for fungi and bacteria that will definitely grow and clog
>  > heat exchange tubing. I think it will be a huge headache and a
>  > waste of c

Re: [Biofuel] cost of B100 versus Petro in the Midwest USA

2005-10-15 Thread Ramon
Jason,

Shouldn't you factor in some sort of labor cost even if you make the
BD yourself (ie, how long would it take to make and how much would you
pay someone, in this case yourself, to make it)?  is there no other
overhead in addition to the cost of the fuel?  what about fixed
overhead (cost of the space, lighting, depreciation of the equipment,
etc)?

Ramon

On 10/12/05, Jason and Katie <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Zeke,
> I guess I should have been more specific.
> I was making the estimate assuming the brewer would be using the fuel
> themselves. it is a savings estimate, not a "profit" estimate.
>
> sorry for the confusion,
>
> jason
>
> ---
> [This E-mail scanned for viruses by Declude Virus]
>
>
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