Bob, we are presented with a complex puzzle. A solution requires
testing possibilities against what is observed. A solution is made
difficult if mechanisms are proposed that can not be tasted. For
example, spin coupling can not be tested against what is known and, in
addition, it is not found to involve the magnitude of energy involved.
The human mind can imagine an infinite number of possibilities. Some
way must be used to limit these possibilities.
I do this my making as few assumptions as possible and then limit
these to the most basic possibilities. If this approach fits the data,
then we have the answer. If the data are not fit, then additional
assumptions are added only where absolutely necessary as exceptions.
To start, you need to stop thinking of the LENR process as being
caused by ordinary nuclear reactions. For example cross-section data
have no application. This data is based on use of high energy
particles for which a reaction rate is determined as this energy is
changed. This process does not happen during LENR. If this process
were operating, LENR could not happen. In fact, rejection of the claim
results because this kind of thinking is used. We are dealing with a
new kind of nuclear reaction. The challenge is to discover the rules
that apply to this reaction, not keep using rules that apply to
conventional reactions. The rules of conventional reactions make LENR
impossible.
The data show that Pd and Ni split into smaller parts. This data
results from hundreds of studies and is not in doubt. This fact is the
starting point for a search for an explanation. The first assumption
results from the need to have something cause this result. That event
is assumed to be addition of either one or more d or p to the nucleus
by some unknown process, followed by fragmentation. Such a process
requires the number of p and n in the initial nucleus to equal the
total number in the fragments. As a result, if 2d entered the Ni, the
fragments would have to contain a total of 30 p. This limits the
element combinations that can result. Such calculations can be called
nuclear chemistry because the same rule applies to chemical reactions.
In the case of nuclear reactions, unlike chemistry, the number of
neutrons also has to remain unchanged. Each isotope of an element has
a different number of neutrons. Therefore, different isotope
combinations are possible. At this point, we need one more
assumption. This assumption says the isotope combination must always
be non-radioactive, because that is what is observed most of the time.
When this assumption is applied, the combinations are further limited,
with some isotopes of Ni having many element combinations and some
having only a few possibilities. The periodic table can be searched
to discover which elements between He and Ni satisfy these two
conditions. I have done this and obtained a distribution. This
distribution matches what is observed. Therefore, the two assumptions
appear to be correct. Once this information is obtained, the energy
from each reaction can be calculated along with the frequency of each
reaction, with no other assumptions being required.
So you ask how the d or p got into the Ni nucleus. This is a separate
question requiring different assumptions. First, energy must be
available and it must be applied at the time and place where the
nuclear event occurs. In addition, this energy must have a form that
does not interact with the surrounding chemical structure. This
requirement is unique to LENR, unlike what can happen in plasma. I
propose a structure forms I call a Hydroton in which the fusion
process takes place. This reaction, and only this reaction, has enough
energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier for Ni or Pd. This fact
further limits what can be proposed to happen. Of course, a person
can imagine all kinds of novel quantum process that might operate, but
these can not be tested and they all conflict with basic natural laws,
which I will not explain here.
I can test the consequence of the fusion reaction using the method
applied above. I can add one or more d to the Ni or I can add one or
more p. It turns out adding 2 d fit the observations. The question is,
what kind of fusion reaction can generate two d? This can only happen
as a result of a p-e-p reaction. Having 2d enter means the Ni had to
be attracted to two Hydrotons, each of which produced and added 1d.
Here we have used a few basic assumptions to explain transmutation and
to describe the fusion reaction by showing how they are connected. No
additional assumptions are required and no novel or untestable
processes have to be suggested. This is how, I suggest, LENR be
explored. If this approach is used, LENR can be explained and all the
previously unexplained behavior makes sense. That is what I'm
attempting to do in the book. No math is required. Only knowledge of
what has been observed, simple logic, and knowledge of basic chemistry
and nuclear behavior is required. The lesson is keep it simple and
basic. KISABS
Ed Storms
Ed--Bob Cook here
Spin states of a quantum system reflect the angular momentum of the
system and hence the energy associated with that angular momentum.
High spin quantum numbers reflect the higher energy of the system.
The allowable states are quantized. In magnetic fields the
direction of the spin is controlled more or less depending upon the
field strength. The allowable number of states is reduced from the
situation where there is no magnetic field. Resonant magnetic
oscillating fields input to a nucleus with a magnetic moment and non-
zero spin state for its ground state, can add energy to the quantum
system by changing the spin number of the quantum system. This is
the basis for the MRI technology which is an accounting of the
energy absorption at a given resonance frequency at well determined
locations, identifying the nucleus with the specific resonance
frequency absorption .
If there is spin coupling, (a basic assumption is that spin is
conserved in any nuclear reaction at the end of the reaction) a
coupling between various particles subject to integer, J, quantum
seems probable. Thus, any He-4* with a high spin integer J quantum
number and excess energy--say 10 mev--would distribute this high
angular momentum to electrons or other particles in the quantum
system--all the many electrons and particles at the same time. The
electrons (and other particles) in turn would distribute their
excess spin energy (angular momentum) to the lattice as
electromagnetic field oscillations or radiation and hence lattice
heat. In the end the net spin would be what it was to start with.
The reaction would be fast and cause results of the distribution of
quantum angular momentum and lattice motion instantaneously. No
energetic (kinetic energy) particles are involved, only angular
momentum with its corresponding rotational energy. The rotational
energy may actually be rotating electric and or magnetic fields
associated with the particle with the high spin quantum state.
Again I do not understand the details of spin coupling, the actual
timing nor the most likely fractionation of the spin/angular
momentum among the particles of the quantum system. The basic idea
is that the energy associated with the mass loss first shows up as
angular momentum or spin of the newly found He-4* and this spin is
distributed to the rest of the system.
Bob Cook
