From: John ke5h...@taylorent.com
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 2010 Time: 23:04:49
So as to not continue growing the ROS legality discussion even further,
I would like to ask a fairly simple question.
How will the modulation be determined from any SSB transmitter when the
source of the modulation is via
Thanks Dave, Although I use Winwarbler and Spot Collector a lot, I have never
really tried clicking on PSK31 spots . I will have to give that a try. Very
useful. I wonder if this is the only application that does work well with
PSK31 spots?
Andy K3UK
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com,
You must configure your receiver so that no filters are used (other than
standard SBB ) . ROS filters the signal better than the transceiver.
Please: DONT APPLY FILTERS TO YOUR TRANSCEIVERS.
Jose Alberto Nieto Ros
(edit by K3UK)
De: Ugo ugo.dep...@me.com
What about PSKReporter? (http://www.pskreporter.info
http://www.pskreporter.info ) While there is not a direct interface
from the PSKReporter output back into your digital comm program (that I
know of), there are certainly decent interfaces in fldigi (Thank you,
David and friends) and HRD
That's not quite correct. There is also a cable that runs from the
connector on the rear panel of the 746 to the tuner. This connector is
commonly used for the Icom AH-4 style tuner. Rather than the LDG tuner
simply sensing the RF, this cable commands the unit when the rig is tuned. I
had
Its here:
http://db0lj.prgm.org/boxfiles/software/Gtor.zip
Even works on linux (ubuntu 9.10) using wine.
Per, sm0rwo
From: wd4kpd wd4...@suddenlink.net
To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Tue, February 23, 2010 5:40:37 AM
Subject: [digitalradio] Re: GTOR-
Don't recall just when it came out but -
Biggest problem with it was finding someone to have a QSO with.
Once you did the link was very good. I think it was also used
by a lot of the early BBS stations. Of course that was the problem
with any ARQ mode that came along. Back in 1977 or so
when
Its happened so often that I'm now curious to know why a CQ response from a
user of Mix W, always a Russian or an east European station, begins halfway
down the screen.
Each line of information is often two or three lines apart which means that
sometimes the whole screen is jumping around with
On Tue, Feb 23, 2010 at 02:56:31PM -, raf3151019 wrote:
Its happened so often that I'm now curious to know why a CQ response
from a user of Mix W, always a Russian or an east European station,
begins halfway down the screen.
Each line of information is often two or three lines apart which
John Becker, WØJAB wrote:
I recall at the time having never worked so many G stations
the entire time that I had been a ham. And as they say
the rest is history.
John, W0JAB
I wonder if one of them was a friend of mine, Mike (G4SMA)?
He lived just up the hill from the MEB depot that I
No, never did work him but I did see a note in the log
to look for him on 20 meters.
At 09:31 AM 2/23/2010, you wrote:
I wonder if one of them was a friend of mine, Mike (G4SMA)?
He lived just up the hill from the MEB depot that I worked at when in my
late teens and I used to pop in to see
I got a good response to my question last week about the reasons for the FSK
or RTTY mode button on my Kenwood TS-940sat, Tentec Paragon, and the clubs
Icom ic-746pro.
Now I need to ask this - what frequencies are usually used on each band to do
RTTY? The NAQP RTTY contest is this weekend and
James, you will not have to LOOK. This contest will bring out thousabds of
RTTY ops and 80-40-20-15-10 will be full if those bands are open. The
ARRL band plan will be where you find them, but some operators will go
higher,
Andy K3UK
On Tue, Feb 23, 2010 at 10:49 AM, James French
FYI
From: Henderson, Dan N1ND
Subject: RE: Spread Spectrum
To: Carol Fred deleted for privacy.
Date: Tuesday, February 23, 2010, 7:13 AM
Hi Fred:
I ran this by our technical experts. They concur that ROS is a spread
spectrum mode and as such is not allowed by the FCC on bands below 222
MHz.
obrienaj wrote:
Thanks Dave, Although I use Winwarbler and Spot Collector a lot, I have never
really tried clicking on PSK31 spots . I will have to give that a try. Very
useful. I wonder if this is the only application that does work well with
PSK31 spots?
The issue is not generating
thank you very much for the linkperhaps meet u on the air soon.
david/wd4kpd
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Per n59...@... wrote:
Its here:
http://db0lj.prgm.org/boxfiles/software/Gtor.zip
Even works on linux (ubuntu 9.10) using wine.
Per, sm0rwo
??? running win-xp-pro with out board usb sound as well as mother board
sound .. how do I select usb card .. can only see number box , sound seems to
come from main sound card ..how can you work out what 'number' a sound card
is ?? comport tx is fine
Tnx - G ..
--- In
Hi
I think 0 is the default sound card . 1 is the next etc.
73 de LA5VNA Steinar
On 23.02.2010 21:29, graham787 wrote:
??? running win-xp-pro with out board usb sound as well as mother board
sound .. how do I select usb card .. can only see number box , sound seems to
come from
Ok Steinar ... I have tried numbers from 0 to 9 and nothing happens .. only
sound from the motherboard sound card .. selecting in 3 produces random
print .. so i assume its seeing the sound card .. but no tx audio ..only from
the pc m/bd ..tried the wspr 3 and 6 setting .. no tx
The default sound card is 0, not 1.
I can get the program to genrate tones but no way to select com ports to key
the xmitter.
73 Buddy WB4M
??? running win-xp-pro with out board usb sound as well as mother board
sound .. how do I select usb card .. can only see number box , sound seems
Buddy .. you want to swop hihi ..its working the ptt fine (usb serial
cable transistor switch) but no way , can get the usb sound card to make
tx audio .. suspect that 3 in taking audio in s it producing random text
73- G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, F.R. Ashley
Q Will this work with Simon Browns new sdr software ?
G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Siegfried Jackstien
siegfried.jackst...@... wrote:
Another one out in the market . nice and cheap .. Performance tests??
Dg9bfc
Sigi
_
Von:
... May be my set up .. I tried mmsstv a while ago and could not select the
sound card , one of the guys on the site posted a 'fix' that gave a sound
card select pop up .. worked fine after that I am using the ADS usb card . .
Tnx - G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar
The ini file .. helps if you have one ! I have re installed , all is working
, tx key and tx audio fine .. what is a good 80 mtr qrg ? tnx - G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@... wrote:
Strange . I am using a Signalink USB . The on board is 0 and
So what's the consensus, is ROS legal in the US or not?
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 22:59, graham787 wrote:
The ini file .. helps if you have one ! I have re installed , all is
working , tx key and tx audio fine .. what is a good 80 mtr qrg ? tnx - G
..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@...
The effects that you both have described are not similar to the events which
happen when the station replies in a QSO. Nothing other than a normal everyday
ham radio response appears, except that on occasions the response begins in the
lower half of the screen. Insted of having the normal
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, ocypret n5...@... wrote:
So what's the consensus, is ROS legal in the US or not?
it seems to be whatever you want !
david/wd4kpd
Only the ARRL technical staff has ruled it to be spread spectrum and
therefore not legal on HF under FCC jurisdiction. However, the FCC
itself has not ruled yet, so it may still be found to be legal. We will
not know until the FCC issues an opinion. My personal guess is that they
will say it
Am sending on 3680 usb at the moment connce to cqcq
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@... wrote:
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
Sending connect to la5vna with 1700 hz tone set 22-35 gmt
G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@... wrote:
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
On 02/23/2010 03:26 PM, ocypret wrote:
So what's the consensus, is ROS legal in the US or not?
There's a few things we all agree on:
1) The legality of a mode depends on the technical details
of that mode, not on what the author calls the mode.
2) The FCC's lawyers are the definite
Ups wrong freq . try 3580
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 23:10, Steinar Aanesland wrote:
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 22:59, graham787 wrote:
The ini file .. helps if you have one ! I have re installed , all is
working , tx key and tx audio fine .. what is a good
3586
On 23.02.2010 23:26, Steinar Aanesland wrote:
Ups wrong freq . try 3580
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 23:10, Steinar Aanesland wrote:
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 22:59, graham787 wrote:
The ini file .. helps if you have one ! I have re installed
And the creator of the mode, in this case myselft, is who has to explain the
technical details.
ROS is not a SS modulation definitively, is a FSK of 144 tones. I have to
explain better in a technical informer
De: Rik van Riel r...@surriel.com
Para:
-- Forwarded message --
From: Tim - N3TL
Date: Tue, Feb 23, 2010 at 3:58 PM
Following is the complete text of the request I made to the FCC for a
ruling on ROS use on HF by licensed U.S. amateurs, along with the response
from the FCC I just received.
As part of my request,
The FCC has stated , today, that IF the author describes it as spread
spectrum, the USA ham is responsible for determining the accuracy of this
claim. They also affirmed that SS is not legal below 220 Mhz. The ARRL
technical folks said today that , based on the description available, they
calling you on 3586 2355 - g ..
I can hear you , but you are weak. No connect :(
la5vna Steinar
On 23.02.2010 23:36, graham787 wrote:
Sending connect to la5vna with 1700 hz tone set 22-35 gmt
G ..
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@... wrote:
3680 USB ?
la5vna Steinar
Calling you now 3586 usb
On 23.02.2010 23:55, graham787 wrote:
calling you on 3586 2355 - g ..
Is legal because ROS is a FSK modulation.
De: ocypret n5...@arrl.net
Para: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Enviado: mar,23 febrero, 2010 21:26
Asunto: [digitalradio] Consensus? Is ROS Legal in US?`
So what's the consensus, is ROS legal in the US or not?
You were right, Skip.
73,
Dave, AA6YQ
-Original Message-
From: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
[mailto:digitalra...@yahoogroups.com]on Behalf Of Andy obrien
Sent: Tuesday, February 23, 2010 11:53 AM
To: 30...@yahoogroups.com; digitalradio
Subject: [digitalradio] BREAKING NEWS.
Next step is to formally petition the FCC to allow SS if the bandwidth
does not exceed 3000 Hz, or the width of a SSB phone signal.
Mark Miller, N5RFX, has experience in submitting petitions to the FCC,
and had one granted. In case anyone wishes to pursue this further, he
may be able to
KH6TY wrote:
Only the ARRL technical staff has ruled it to be spread spectrum and
therefore not legal on HF under FCC jurisdiction. However, the FCC
itself has not ruled yet, so it may still be found to be legal. We will
not know until the FCC issues an opinion. My personal guess is that
Thank you Andy ..
This has been the point of many [posters here all along. It is only considered
spread spectrum because the author claimed it so, not because it is technically
so. Jose, are you hearing us? because of the way your program operates an SSB
transmitter, it should be defined
John, the only person in the world who know what is ROS is the person who have
created it. And the creator say that ROS is a FSK of 144 tones with a Viterbi
FEC Coder and a header of synchronization.
De: John ke5h...@taylorent.com
Para:
AA6YQ comments below
-Original Message-
From: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com [mailto:digitalra...@yahoogroups.com]on
Behalf Of Alan Barrow
Sent: Tuesday, February 23, 2010 11:57 AM
To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Subject: Re: [digitalradio] Re: PSK SPOTS in DXLAB
obrienaj wrote:
Thanks
I used:
System Info for Windows v1.67 (Build 626) --- March 17, 2007
Freeware Version -- Copyright © 2004-2007 Gabriel Topala
to determine which is the device number. In my case, receive card
(Audigy 2) is device 9 and transmit card (AC-97) is card 1.
In my case, setting 0 in my configuration
Thanks Jose ..
Now with that cleared up, can you make those corrections / re-definitions to
your distributed documentation to reflect that it is indeed FSK rather than
spread spectrum? That little detail from you, the author of the program, is
what is causing such an uproar that is
John wrote:
Can you offer us some help here Jose? (like maybe recheck if it really is
spread spectrum vs FSK) and re-write your description?
Unfortunately John, you cannot so easily put the genie back into the bottle.
This is why I think you now need your own Yahoo Group to debate these
Jose,
You will have to disclose the algorithm that determines the spreading on
ROS (independent of the data), or bandwidth expansion, if that is
actually used. You will have to convince technical people that will show
your new description to our FCC that your original description was wrong
You can download ROS User Guide 1.0
The introduction explain what is ROS and It speak about a 144 tone FSK.
In a few days a will write a introduction to FSK esquemes.
Thanks.
De: John ke5h...@taylorent.com
Para: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Enviado: mié,24
Stiner .. will try again wed night , for soem reason I have to select 3 as
the audio in to the prog . could see a signal +/- 1700 on speclab , 15 db
over noise .. also one signal was quite wide ?
73 - Graham .
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Steinar Aanesland saa...@... wrote:
Commercial and military SS systems also use FSK so that not likely alleviate
the problem. The pseudorandom movement of the center frequency is the issue.
Since the object is to prevent intersymbol interference due to multipath
spread, one way around the legal issue is to transmit even symbols
Hi, KH6.
I only i am going to describe in a technicals article how run the mode. If FCC
want the code they will have to buy it me, that is obvious.
De: KH6TY kh...@comcast.net
Para: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Enviado: mié,24 febrero, 2010 00:31
Asunto: Re:
This is partially a language problem. A complete block diagram of both the
transmit and receive sides of the system would do wonders to clarify what
the system actually is. The partial receive diagram surely looked like MSK
to me.
From: jose alberto nieto ros nietoro...@yahoo.es
Reply-To:
John wrote:
Thanks Jose ..
Now with that cleared up, can you make those corrections / re-definitions to
your distributed documentation to reflect that it is indeed FSK rather than
spread spectrum? That little detail from you, the author of the program, is
what is causing such an
Thanks again Jose,
I have all your documentation (current only) and I think this is where some of
the confusion was created. part of your documentation clearly defines the
transmissions as spread spectrum. In the true sense, this is not really
correct as you have noted. In true spread
Yes John. In the firt time, the document it was an introduction to SS, but the
document didn't explain anything about Viterbi decoder, synronization, etc...
ROS is not a SS modulation, ROS use Vitervi decoder for generate a matrix of
9x16 =144 tones but that is not SS.
If a person send the
Jose,
I am only trying to suggest whatever ideas I can to get ROS declared to
be legal. You have made such a strong case for FHSS already, that only
saying you were mistaken probably will not convince the FCC. They will
assume you are only changing the description so ROS appears to be legal
Hi HI Dave ..
Unfortunately, you may indeed be right.
As my posts on this topic speak for themselves, I never once stated either way
if it was or was not legal. My question all along has been, did the law against
the use of spread spectrum even apply in this case at all, based on what the
John wrote:
This should easily provide any US amateur plenty of backup to be able to show
good faith that he is operating within the US FCC rules.
I think that you may be ignoring me John, and possibly for good reasons.
However, and I do hate to be a wet blanket, but your opponents in the
Any petition should reduce regulation rather than increase its complexity by
continually adding loopholes. ROS is not the only mode that is currently
illegal -- there are single carrier PSK digital modes that U.S. amateurs can't
use because of the baud rate limit. U.S. regulations should be
Dave,
It is probably wrong to assume that there are any groups opposed to
using ROS in the US. I don't see that at all. US hams generally try to
follow the FCC regulations as best they can, and if they are not sure
what they mean, they ask. If the reply is not to their liking, that is
too
John wrote:
Hi HI Dave ..
Unfortunately, you may indeed be right.
As my posts on this topic speak for themselves, I never once stated either
way if it was or was not legal. My question all along has been, did the law
against the use of spread spectrum even apply in this case at all,
Jose
If I am to understand you correctly, the coding algorithms are being held
privately. If that is the case, I will have to switch sides and question the
legality of it¹s use not only in the US but in many other parts of the world
as well. There is a general prohibition of the use of encryption
I think this disagreement will continue for some time. Me, I will be firing
up in the HF bands in the near future.
From: wd4kpd wd4...@suddenlink.net
Reply-To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 2010 22:15:50 -
To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Subject: [digitalradio] Re:
Skip
You are over thinking this. The FCC said as they always do that you as a
licensee must possess the technical skill to evaluate whether or not a
particular mode meets the rules. On Jose¹s part a better technical
description and some clarification would be very helpful to this end. I
think
Greetings All,
Hmmm . . . with that stated, I guess all US stations should cease Chip64
emissions as it is described using SS, see
http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/techchar/Chip64.pdf
(Note: ARRL)
Someone should mention this to the ARRL VA Section NTS as they apparently run a
Net
I am for whatever will succeed, but do not underestimate how difficult
it is to convincingly reverse oneself after first originally being so
convincing.
For myself, even from the beginning, I could not understand how the
spreading was accomplished by a code that everyone else automatically
So sorry Dave
IN my country, it is still an expression of respect. Here we go with those
pesky language barriers again ... HiHi
I will try to be more irreverent, condescending, or rude when addressing you in
the future . LOL
John
KE5HAM
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, Dave
silversmj wrote:
I have played with the earlier versions in RX and found it fun and
interesting, but 2250Hz wide BW in the CW portions of the Bands is a little
much. RTTY Tests are rough enough.
As was mentioned before by an individual, it is easy for the for
bureaucrats/authorities
The FCC only requires that a technical description be published:
Sec. 97.309 RTTY and data emission codes.
(a) Where authorized by Sec. Sec. 97.305(c) and 97.307(f) of the
part, an amateur station may transmit a RTTY or data emission using the
following specified digital codes:
(1)
Thanks Andy. Good readfinally.
The whole issue goes away with the removal of a couple of words and a
resubmit by the Author. No one sees SS and unless it's checked
BY CHANCE, we can all run ROS contests and shut down RTTY for the
weekends now, secure in the knowledge we are clean 'cause
That is a Spread Spectrum in all his expression and ¿Chip64 is legal?. Then
what are we discuss?
De: silversmj silver...@yahoo.com
Para: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Enviado: mié,24 febrero, 2010 01:46
Asunto: [digitalradio] Re: ROS . FCC request and response
John wrote:
So sorry Dave
IN my country, it is still an expression of respect. Here we go with those
pesky language barriers again ... HiHi
I will try to be more irreverent, condescending, or rude when addressing you
in the future . LOL
John
KE5HAM
Please do,
I appreciate
As I previously predicted, an FCC agent has
interpreted FCC Rules, saying ROS is Spread Spectrum.
ARRL staff have also done the same.
In the FCC response to an inquiry
initiated by Timothy J. Lilley - N3TL,
The FCC Agent 3820 stated this:
ROS is viewed as spread spectrum, and the creator
I have a different take on this. There are a number of modes that uses
vertebrae coding which could be mis-described as spread spectrum by some.
The problem with part 97 is that it tries to be as broad as possible where
technical parameters are concerned. In this case it causes things to be
vague.
I thought only the old Dinosaur modes used vertebrae coding?
Sorry, couldn't resist!
K7TMG
--- In digitalradio@yahoogroups.com, W2XJ w...@... wrote:
I have a different take on this. There are a number of modes that uses
vertebrae coding which could be mis-described as spread spectrum by
Agreed, the more letters to the FCC the more problems for amateur radio.
From: John B. Stephensen kd6...@comcast.net
Reply-To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2010 01:16:22 -
To: digitalradio@yahoogroups.com
Subject: Re: [digitalradio] Re: ROS . FCC request and response
The distinguishing characteristic of spread spectrum is spreading by a
code INDEPENDENT of the data. FM for example, creates carriers depending
upon the audio frequency and amplitude. SSB creates carriers at a
frequency dependent upon the tone frequency, and RTTY at a pair of set
frequencirs
This is very simple. Chip64 is SS, however there is not problems with
anybody, because people dont go propagating by all forums hey, is illegal, is
illegal
I think some people must thing in improve the Ham Radio, instead of want to be
noticed from the beginning saying is illegal.
From now
I think I have it working, but haven't heard any
signals or tried to contact anyone yet. What works
is that if I punch CONNECT the transmitter gets keyed
and I can hear signal bursts going out on the sidetone.
And I guess I am receiving audio because I'm getting a
bunch of garbage on the screen
On 02/23/2010 09:00 PM, KH6TY wrote:
The distinguishing characteristic of spread spectrum is spreading by a
code INDEPENDENT of the data. FM for example, creates carriers depending
upon the audio frequency and amplitude. SSB creates carriers at a
frequency dependent upon the tone frequency,
I guess I'm hearing a Gtor QSO right now, because every now
and then I get a screen message DATA: comp=Huffman, block=1
and that sort of thing.
but I also get CONNECT (greek) TO (greek)
and DISCONNECT (greek) FROM (greek)
never have seen any intelligible text.
This is on 3585.5 KHz and has
Convolutional coding and Viterbi decoding may increase the occupied bandwidth
but they also decrease the amount of power required to communicate. In some
cases, like trellis-coded modulation, the bandwidth stays the same even though
the power required decreases by a factor of 2-4. Spread
I think I have it figured out.
1. Put the call of the station you want to link with in the box.
2. Press the Connect button.
3. If you are answered, the other station will change your message from
Now Sending to Now Receiving when he clicks Changeover.
4. When you want to transmit, type in
It is a NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT requirement (out of three). The point
is that if that is not the way the spreading is done in ROS, ROS is NOT
spread spectrum. PROVE, not just claim, that it is not, and the battle
is won.
73 - Skip KH6TY
Rik van Riel wrote:
On 02/23/2010 09:00 PM,
There is now only 4 options, for USA hams who still
want to use ROS on HF bands:
1. Operate ROS... knowing that you are breaking the
FCC Rules, and roll the dice, hoping you don't get caught.
2. Go on an uphill battle to change the FCC Rules, and
possibly win or lose after a year
Try calibrating the sound card.
73 - Skip KH6TY
jhaynesatalumni wrote:
I guess I'm hearing a Gtor QSO right now, because every now
and then I get a screen message DATA: comp=Huffman, block=1
and that sort of thing.
but I also get CONNECT (greek) TO (greek)
and DISCONNECT (greek) FROM
These modes use interleaving and randomize data values by exclusive-ORing with
a pseudorandom binary sequence. The methods are used in most commerial products
and the FCC and NSA know how to monitor the signals.
The FCCs problem is that the military uses FHSS and DSSS to hide the existance
On 02/23/2010 10:22 PM, John B. Stephensen wrote:
These modes use interleaving and randomize data values by
exclusive-ORing with a pseudorandom binary sequence. The methods are
used in most commerial products and the FCC and NSA know how to monitor
the signals.
However, this does result in
OK, I am starting to agree with Dave now and with Andy as before ... this
is starting to now become circular .
It has now been solidly established that ROS is FSK, NOT SS, by the authors own
words.
The author NEVER approached the FCC for an OPINION about his unfinished
work at all.
F.R. Ashley wrote:
Bonnie, what was the 4th option :)
I'm half for the use of ROS, half against it, and half bad at fractions! :-)
Have fun,
Alan
km4ba
The problem is that he said that ROS uses FHSS in the documentation. If the
final version doesn't use FHSS, DSSS or any other form of SS and a technical
specification is published the FCC will have no objection.
73,
John
KD6OZH
- Original Message -
From: Rik van Riel
To:
On 02/23/2010 10:50 PM, John B. Stephensen wrote:
The problem is that he said that ROS uses FHSS in the documentation. If
the final version doesn't use FHSS, DSSS or any other form of SS and a
technical specification is published the FCC will have no objection.
Oh, agreed. For the moment I
In order for amateurs in the U.S. to use any RTTY/data mode other than Baudot,
ASCII or AMTOR over 2FSK they must be able to point to a published technical
specification for the potocol that shows that it is legal. It was condition
that we all agreed to when we were issued a license. When this
97 matches
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