for this kind of work.
At first I should get it up and running for two EDM machines. Then this is
done improvements is planned.
Nicklas Karlsson
On 09 Sep 2014, at 23:06, Marius Alksnys marius.alks...@gmail.com wrote:
Hi, Rene,
what are current limits of this servo driver with IRAMX
if it is a standard
protocol. The hostmot FPGA cards seems really good but I think there may be
cases then MCU is a better approach but time will tell.
It is probably a few months away but any suggestions for a standard protocol
would be appreciated?
Nicklas Karlsson
On Sun, 14 Sep 2014 15:33:01
it is also possible to
access several registers in the same UDP message so I expect it to be
rather efficient and not to for far from optimal which is good enough.
Nicklas Karlsson
On Sun, 14 Sep 2014 15:33:01 -0700 (PDT)
Peter C. Wallace p...@mesanet.com wrote:
On Sun, 14
It is possible to buy ordinary three phase induction motors with built in
brake.
On 2/6/2015 11:25 AM, Gene Heskett wrote:
Perhaps one could mount a small auto flywheel and clutch assembly on the
bullgear output shaft, and drive the platform from the input shaft of
the
transmission that
There is a strong correlation between torque and current in an Electric
motor. For DC motors and servo motors it should be relatively simple to
implement but I do not Think there is any simple solution to Control
current in an ordinary cheap induction motor.
Nicklas Karlsson
Hello!
I would
, at first
24 volt for axis breaks and end switches but there are also signals.
The Hostmot mesa 2 use UDP, what does the arduino board use?
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
I have been working on a network solution for some extra IO. I used an
Arduino with an Ethernet shield and created a user space
at Profibus.
For ordinary IO I expect the ordinary industrial protocols to be good
enough but servo loops I expect it will depend on requirement for dynamic
response.
Nicklas Karlsson
https://industruino.com/
And Arduino unit in the DIN form factor - could be useful in our
applications im guessing
from the three-phase
Cable to to ground cable. At high frequency impedance in ground cable is
far from zero and there will noise on the ground cable.
Nicklas Karlsson
On Mon, Mar 16, 2015 at 4:40 PM, Karlsson Wang
nicklas.karls...@karlssonwang.se wrote:
I think you are right and will just
I am using the Hostmot 2 drivers but are not at the right computer now, I
could check within a few hurs.
I just did a fresh pull and compiled from source. There are no hm2_eth
drivers anywhere that I can find. The firmware for 7i80 is not under the
lib/firmware directory either.
How do I go
TCP need acknowledge but for periodic data this may be skipped. For
periodic data I use to add a timeout at receiver instead of acknowledge.
Hi Rafael, hi everyone!
On 09.06.2015 03:23, Rafael wrote:
While waiting for experts to respond I did some research on this
interesting topics ...
There is something callled pyvcp
http://linuxcnc.org/docs/2.4/html/hal_pyvcp.html but I did not yet try it
myself.
On Wed, 1 Jun 2016 11:38:32 + (UTC)
adit bhargava wrote:
> Hello All,
> I want to make a button in Axis GUI (Start/Stop) which should give me TRUE
>
Cat?
On Mon, 13 Jun 2016 19:43:08 -0400
Dave Cole wrote:
>
>
> ---
> This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
> https://www.avast.com/antivirus
>
>
> --
> What
You could tell your E-mail software to put these E-mails in a separate sub
folder?
On Thu, 26 May 2016 10:24:39 +0200
Fred wrote:
> Hello Chaps
>
> I am looking for a linuxcnc forum to belong to.
>
> I found this mailing list which is sending me dozens of emails
Yes I have used the 7i80 ethernet protocol for two cards at once. They need to
have different IP and MAC addresses.
On Tue, 31 May 2016 09:36:19 -0400
Rick Lair wrote:
> Good Morning Guys,
>
> I was wondering, is it possible to run 3 7i80HD's off of one PC.
>
> We
Found it will try to get into my source.
On Thu, 16 Jun 2016 15:17:18 -0500
sam sokolik <sa...@empirescreen.com> wrote:
> I think it is here...
>
> feature/reverse-run-master2
>
> sam
>
> On 06/16/2016 02:24 PM, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> > I am running lin
P address.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Attend Shape: An AT Tech Expo July 15-16. Meet us at AT Park in San
Francisco, CA to explore cutting-edge tech and listen to tech luminaries
present their vision of the future. This family
> On 06/19/16 17:55, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> > I tried to tune parameters manually but most of the time is spent either in
> > short circuit or open circuit,
> this is called 'hammering'
> it actually works but for a poor reason.
> if the tools is too far away, you are o
Then action is normal and not because of bad control loop parameters.
Sparc extinguishing seems to work really well but what bother me is current is
very low although I got no experience of what to expect. I never run a "real"
machine.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Sun, 19 Jun 201
I have real machine but coffecup is more handy during development and at last I
got my coffecup EDM up and running.
https://youtu.be/fBOl_pCkDFA
Nicklas Karlsson
--
What NetFlow Analyzer can do for you? Monitors
to interpret
> thanks tomp tjtr33
>
> On 06/20/16 00:07, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >> On 06/19/16 17:55, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >>> I tried to tune parameters manually but most of the time is spent either
> >>> in short circuit or open circuit,
> >
; Nicklas hello'
> could you do another screenshot, but add the oscillator ( on & off
> command signal )?
> it would be easier to interpret
> thanks tomp tjtr33
>
> On 06/20/16 00:07, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >> On 06/19/16 17:55, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >&
I am running linuxcnc 2.8.0 and use adaptive feed. It is however not possible
with negative values. It works all the way down ot zero motion but no backwards.
I know there is a negative feed rate branch but do anybody know where it is?
Nicklas Karlsson
be easier to interpret
> thanks tomp tjtr33
>
> On 06/20/16 00:07, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >> On 06/19/16 17:55, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >>> I tried to tune parameters manually but most of the time is spent either
> >>> in short circuit or open
Yes it is, thanks. I merged it into my local slightly modified version of
master. It stop but no reverse run even though motion.adaptive_feed = -1
There are not to many changes so I expect to nail it down rather fast.
Nicklas Karlsson
On Thu, 16 Jun 2016 15:17:18 -0500
sam sokolik <
Merged it with my local slightly modified version of master and with the
correct rip-environment pointing to the copy with feed reverse it works great.
What barriers are there to put it into the master branch in linuxcnc?
Nicklas Karlsson
On Thu, 16 Jun 2016 15:17:18 -0500
sam sokolik <
on time counter is started, there is also possibility I
got something wrong I checked voltage should be about right.
I just added all parameters to protocol, think anyway or is it useful to
measure ignition time?
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Sun, 26 Jun 2016 08:20:37 +0200
Roland Jollivet
No I am here but have been busy working on a EDM generator and other hardware,
it is coming fruition right now. I have a few ideas for development machine
start to run which is happening right now, hardware is OK and software is
running.
Nicklas Karlsson
On Sun, 26 Jun 2016 09:22:50 -0400
ity of the edm servo
> tracking )
I try to ignite until successful. Timer is reset then ignited detected by
voltage falling to ionization voltage then on and off times are counted. I
could measure time until ignited, open voltage, seat voltage, current.
Your help been really useful. Hopefully I
.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Fri, 24 Jun 2016 18:15:03 -0700
dengvall <dengv...@charter.net> wrote:
> I've not played with EDM for quite a while. > 10 years so I've
> forgotten most of what I knew.
> I know of people that used hardware store lantern oil as EDM fluid. If
>
On Mon, 8 Feb 2016 11:23:23 -0800
Jerry Scharf wrote:
> Bertho,
>
> I agree with the sentiment that it is less than ideal to have something
> that certainly has a local microprocessor that then creates an analog out
> which you then read in. It's a lossy channel and subject
> On 02/08/2016 08:52 PM, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >> Noise in analog will reduce the effective resolution, whereas noise in
> >> digital can be easily filtered and the resolution stays constant.
> >> Analog signals cannot be isolated easily and trying so results i
rational amplifiers.
RS-485 require termination and driver may need supply voltage both side of the
isolation barrier if there is one. Figure of the termination of way down this
link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485
Nicklas Karlsson
-
> >> Screwed breeches of the Welin or de Bange type are only used with
> >> bagged charge guns. They both use a de Bange obturator for sealing
> >> whereas a brass-case gun used the case for obturation.
> >> This might mean they need no lead, but the pictures seem to indicate
> >> one.
>
> Krupp
sults in
> awkward non-linearities that need to be compensated. A digital signal is
> easily isolated and does not require complex compensation.
Yes analog signals certainly have problems in particular with isolation
barriers and noise but replacing with high resolution and bandwidth r
them only for
myself but may consider sell cards if someone is interested?
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Site24x7 APM Insight: Get Deep Visibility into Application Performance
APM + Mobile APM + RUM: Monitor 3 App instances at just
l or remote, connected to Linux workstation or
> modern tablet over USB, ethernet, or WiFi. Countless digital tablets can
> be had for under $100 that could serve as CNC UI.
GUI could stay on ordinary computer while real time taska move to cortex-*
micro controller, they talk via TCP
er minute for these.
A perfect example of a real time task is a receive buffer communication port
which will trigger a task then half hulf. If dead line is missed data is gone
and need to be sent again.
Nicklas
gital communication so it is possible modern hardware have
spent some time to get rid of these kind of small problems.
Jitter is less important. Delay longer than period is a problem. I expect
jitter in all tasks except the highest priority.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
On Mon, 1 Feb 2016 08:27:42 -0800
Steve Traugott wrote:
> Interesting. My wife and I run an electronics manufacturing business. ...
Interesting wife and business seems exciting. One of my teachers once asked why
women prefer gold it does not corrode but I answered it's
> For example, Digital minicomputers were much slower compared to PC
> motherboards, yet they were able to handle industrial applications just
> fine. Application ran in RT OS to handle DIO or analog signals.
>
> Old PDP HW is getting replaced with special PC cards that are able to
> run
ers have more than
enough computing power, a screen, keyboard and mouse if necessary. It is also
likely old computers will be available if they break down.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Site24x7 APM Insight: Get Deep Visibil
> > Problem with all those boards is in the fact that they have no common
> > bus so that others could build standard interfaces on open architecture.
> > All seem to be built to replace a PC with most of it's functionality.
> >
> > Want to make a common box, bad luck. Everybody comes with
haracteristics, or the results could be anywhere from
> mediocre to unusable.
>
> Jon
I think some motherboards implement SMI in bios and every now and then they
cause a delay equal to the time they take to execute.
Nicklas Karlsson
> Site24x7 APM Insight: Get Deep Visibility into Application Performance
> APM + Mobile APM + RUM: Monitor 3 App instances at just $35/Month
> Monitor end-to-end web transactions and take corrective actions now
>
> On 02/16/2016 12:42 PM, Lester Caine wrote:
> > On 16/02/16 10:21, Bertho Stultiens wrote:
> >> It seems that the micro-switches are well suited for the purpose, but I
> >> guess some hard (unbiased) data has yet to be gathered (outside of a mill).
> >
> > The alternatives seem to have the same
Do you know accuracy of the linear resolvers?
I guess it would be possible to position an ordinary disc read head quite
accurate. Either one for DVD/CD or magnetic. How many bits are stored per turn?
On Fri, 19 Feb 2016 01:51:05 +0800
TJoseph Powderly wrote:
> somebody with
On Thu, 18 Feb 2016 20:47:28 -0800
Chris Albertson <albertson.ch...@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Thu, Feb 18, 2016 at 11:23 AM, Nicklas Karlsson
> <nicklas.karlsso...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > I guess it would be possible to position an ordinary disc read head quite
> >
> > The problem is different.
> > RT means looking around and fulfill all tasks in a defined timeslot.
> > Performance means in most cases move data as fast as you can.
> > And in some cases it's mutually exclusive.
>
> So what you are saying is standard Linux is just like windows and a task
>
On Fri, 18 Mar 2016 18:21:45 -0400
John Kasunich <jmkasun...@fastmail.fm> wrote:
>
>
> On Fri, Mar 18, 2016, at 05:18 PM, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> >
> > Stepper motor magnets induce a voltage proportional to speed which limit
> > maximum speed.
> &
s not good
enough. A timer to abort an interrupt if not done in allocated time I never
heard about although the hardware for it would be cheap.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysis
Maybe they just need to read about real time scheduling to assign an approriate
priority or do the execution in a thread with appropriate priority.
If there is a receive buffer execution should be triggered no later than half
full and must be emptied before it may be filled. With time known to
y computer but maybe I use the beagle bone later then I need something more
handy.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysis in your applications with
Intel Data Analytics
nodes would only affect real time
> > > performance for hopefully slow feedback.
> > >
> > > Problem would still be the same with inputs although I think most of them
> > > have less demand on response time.
> > >
> > >
> > > Nick
Look on debain, ubuntu, etc home page.
> Can anyone recommend a group that covers general Linux discussions.
>
> Distro specific is OK - Ubuntu, Debian, etc
>
> TIA,
>
> Richard
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
uring
> the current, but that could be quite difficult and a bit
> dangerous. (You'd really have to use a current transformer.)
Agree.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysis in y
To buy a few year old computer is another cheap option.
> I have posted another video about building pc for LinuxCNC
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuBySmg2e3Y
>
> Jim
>
> --
> Transform Data into Opportunity.
>
> On Friday 18 March 2016 16:00:27 Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
>
> > I have seen and run machinekit, it is linuxcnc. I have also read about
> > BeagleBone. There are plenty of devices suitable to generate the
> > pulses but at which rate should pulses generated? Constant
n I Agree. I however think most drives are used in
constant torque region and then current model is accurate.
I however think most electrical motors are possible to overload for a short
while. Then is the complexity for not simle kinematics.
Nicklas Karlsson
-
expect
there other tasks that must be handled with higher priorities.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysis in your applications with
Intel Data Analytics Acceleration Library.
demand on response time.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysis in your applications with
Intel Data Analytics Acceleration Library.
Click to learn more.
http
Then I have to assume no one have any complaints about the idea.
On Fri, 11 Mar 2016 11:28:07 -0600
John Thornton <j...@gnipsel.com> wrote:
> Nope it is still there...
>
> On 3/11/2016 11:02 AM, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> > I posted earlier to EMC developers but it seem
Amazing.
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcHUKqY422M
>
> --
> atp
> "A motorcycle is a bicycle with a pandemonium attachment and is
> designed for the especial use of mechanical geniuses, daredevils and
> lunatics."
> — George Fitch, Atlanta Constitution Newspaper, 1916
>
>
> My present setup (determined by the try & cry & cuss method) on the mill,
> using a 5i25 interface, does have PID's for each axis, and of note the P
> setting hasn't been set above 1000 because it seemed non-critical, but
> in my case it should be 2000 since the current servo period is .5
>
in between will probably be the long time solution.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
> I would say that the first critical thing to determine and accomplish is
> the lowest jitter data transfers as possible via Ethernet. Since you are
> using one of the STM32 processors I would thing that
> On 7 April 2016 at 06:53, Nicklas Karlsson <nicklas.karlsso...@gmail.com>
> wrote:
> > An inner velocity loop and outer position loop as above I think is the
> > method.
>
> It is possible to get decent results with torque-mode drives and only one
> loo
> On 04/07/2016 09:57 AM, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> > I have tried torque mode with only one loop and it is
> > possible to get it to work without feed forward, descent
> > or not is however another question. With FF should be
> > better. Second derivtive feed
ting values or any other suggestions to get this under
> control.
>
> Thanks Wallace.
It might work better with an inner speed loop and an outer position loop.
Nicklas Karlsson
--
_
s
> happened), but that isn’t the normal course of business.
Bank lend your money to other and the part not protected by government is
legally gone then bank get bankrupt.
For me it would be of greater concern to lose key than f
> - Original Message -
> From: "Marshland Engineering"
> To: emc-users@lists.sourceforge.net
> Sent: Wednesday, April 6, 2016 7:18:15 PM
> Subject: Re: [Emc-users] Servos and Drives PID Values
>
> Summary of replies
>
> >It might work better with an inner
Some nearby factory, laser cutting?
> Any ideas where to find anodized profiles and aluminum sheet like this?
>
> https://www.frontpanelexpress.com/products/enclosures/
>
> We have sent quite a bit of money their way, would like to do this in house.
>
That's just a hardware counter ticking away between arrival times, reset
> after reading, isn't it? The elapsed time is the sample value, IIUC.
> (Why do I feel there's something I'm missing here?)
I think a phase locked loop implemented in software may be the correct solution
but did not have t
any ideas?
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
--
Find and fix application performance issues faster with Applications Manager
Applications Manager provides deep performance insights into multiple tiers of
your business applications
etween the first and the last just jitter around in the
middle of the calculation but make no difference for the final value.
The real problem is moving average phase or arrival calculation.
> Erik
Nicklas Karlsson
---
> On 11 April 2016 at 13:05, Nicklas Karlsson
> <nicklas.karlsso...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > Is is rather straightforward to calculate from for example the last 100
> > arrival times but a moving average algorithm would be preferred to reduce
> > CP
t. Micro controller period also have to be adjusted to
the average period so that it consume values at the same rate as linuxcnc
produce them.
Without averaging jitter of position arrival times there will be speed jitter
which is a problem be
using one of the STM32 processors I would thing that DMA would be the best
> method to process the packet data.
>
> What stack are you planning to use?
>
> On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 2:05 AM, Nicklas Karlsson <
> nicklas.karlsso...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > The synchr
mode will work better. A velocity loop
nested inside the position loop will also work but with slower dynamic response.
Did you read control theory? Use the automatic tuning functionality within
linuxcnc?
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
>
>
> On 4/6/2016 4:53 AM, Marshland Engineering wrot
with something small and work up to a value that results in a
good portion of the maximum motor current being used. The smaller the value,
the smaller the amplitude of the
> On 11.04.16 14:52, Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
> > Diluted old values may better or worse. Problem is I can't get a grip
> > on howto calculate moving average arrival time within the period.
>
> That's one of the two methods presented, isn't it?
>
> > Until thi
consume large amount of
real time bi-directional network bandwidth. I am convinced sending positions is
a better method to build except maybe for configuration.
Nicklas Karlsson
On Mon, 11 Apr 2016 14:18:33 -0500
bari <bari00...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Just wondering what the poin
he problem as these drivers
> don't activate such acceleration features.
>
> Jon
Even though huge DMA transfers currently are out of control from RT scheduler
they should not be for good real time perfomance. I go for the micro
controllers, slow but predictable, 25µs period run perfect
That's why I think the other direction and put the real time stuff on a micro
controller, there are no graphic drivers to think about. I think it is the
motion-command-handler and motion-controller threads.
I expect bandwidth required to communicate with the GUI would be rather low.
With real
On Sat, 19 Mar 2016 14:24:23 -0400
Gene Heskett <ghesk...@wdtv.com> wrote:
> On Saturday 19 March 2016 13:23:27 Nicklas Karlsson wrote:
>
> > On Sat, 19 Mar 2016 09:52:55 -0700
> >
> > Chris Albertson <albertson.ch...@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > On Fr
data analysis in your applications with
> Intel Data Analytics Acceleration Library.
> Click to learn more.
> http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/clk?id=278785231=/4140
> ___
> Emc-users mailing list
> Emc-users@lists.sourceforge.net
> https://list
s schemes are optimal under som conditions are
hard assignment of priority is rather simple => assign according to periodicity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-monotonic_scheduling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_sche
ok at my Electronic Lead Screw Code. Follow the link
> to the code. It's written for a PIC in C.
> John
>
>
> "ELS! Nothing else works as well for your Lathe"
> Automation Artisans Inc.
> http://www.autoartisans.com/ELS/
> Ph. 1 250 544 4950
>
>
>
ething similar to an ordinary
desktop computer while the cheap are suitable to connect to other hardware
like: analog input signals, PWM, ...
Nicklas Karlsson
--
Transform Data into Opportunity.
Accelerate data analysi
or magnets induce a voltage proportional to speed which limit
maximum speed. Torque is about the same regardless of speed and there are some
intertia.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
>
> On Sat, Mar 19, 2016 at 5:46 AM, Nicklas Karlsson
> <nicklas.karlsso...@gmail.com> wrote:
&
system
management interrupts are not possible to get rid of. Knowlegde about which
real time tasks exist within kernel like serial receive buffers which must be
handled before filled up next time or accept lose data is probably another
issue I never even heard anyone mention.
Nicklas Ka
ocol
between GUI and machine. In practice which buttons user pressed and values
back. High speed values like encoder values for hal scope would not be a proble
screen update is rather slow and a small delay would be a jerk on the screen
not the part.
> ...
I p
On Mon, 21 Mar 2016 17:51:53 -0400
Gene Heskett wrote:
> On Monday 21 March 2016 14:04:35 dr.mc...@virgin.net wrote:
>
> > Hi
> > I'm struggling to understand the relationship between max_vel,
> > max_accel, and the stepgen versions for my axis settings when I have
> >
No the real time tasks in the work shop may be running by themself or waiting
for answer from GUI but you can't trust the emergency stop. If you are on the
beach emergency stop will not matter anyway unless you are machining a large
bomb.
> But if my phone has the GUI and I'm at the beach do
useful.
The procotol in between might also be useful to control machine via software on
a higher level for example tell machine to start then robot have inserted part
but this may be the wrong way to do it or?
Nicklas Karlsson
---
-TCP? Only downwards? Only upwards?
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Tue, 22 Mar 2016 11:56:35 -0500
Jeff Epler <jep...@unpythonic.net> wrote:
> On Sun, Mar 20, 2016 at 04:51:39PM +, Ralph Stirling wrote:
> > The MachineKit folk are a year or two ahead of you guys
> &
for this purpose.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Wed, 23 Mar 2016 14:28:44 -0500
<ceen...@in-front.com> wrote:
> I second the point about not using a PC. Most of the CNC reliability issues
> I see are with backplane card edge connectors for DC servo drives and
> connectors subje
> Hello All,
>
> We now have our second wheezy based machine running in our shop, with 2
> Ubuntu machines still kicking around as well. I have all of the machines
> connected to our network, that way all of the programming in the office
> can be dropped directly in the respective nc_files
Or dampen computer vibrations with rubber or something similar, it might work
better if computer is made a little bit heavier.
On Thu, 24 Mar 2016 17:17:26 +0800
TJoseph Powderly wrote:
> i used to use a liquid chemical for hifi snobs called 'tweak'
>
Yes store tool parameters would probably be good. Barcode require central
storage while USB could follow the tool, there is also RFID . Then more time
could be spent on real "Bar".
On Thu, 24 Mar 2016 20:04:52 +0800
TJoseph Powderly wrote:
> interesting idea
> i played with
Sounds great.
I spent the last months working on servo drives, in particular to get some
hardware easy to work with built from not to expensive parts. Soon I will move
to higher level and hopefully be able to contribute something to Linuxcnc.
Regards Nicklas Karlsson
On Thu, 24 Mar 2016 20
e about graphic cards on ordinary computers doing huge DMA
transfers blocking CPU and they should certainly have lower priority than
faster real time tasks. I would however guess it is possible to speed up memory
accesses if they are done sequentially and ordinary computers are known to
maxi
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