Ed Storms states: *Do you understand that you are focusing only on the Rossi method, while I'm talking about all 5 of the other methods known to initiate nuclear reactions? If your model cannot explain all methods and results, then it is not very useful.*
Axil responds: I can see how the nano-particle based Nanoplasmonic model can address all five categories of LENR reactions. Clustering on the mesoscopic size scale as a chemical process is all pervasive in nature and little understood by the physics community. Ed Storms states: *Axil, the Rossi reactor is not a nanosystem because at the temperature he is using, nanoparticles immediately sinter into larger particles. This is a chemical fact. He may start with some nanoparticles in his material, but these do not last long at the final temperature, yet the system continues to make energy. If nano particles were required to cause LENR, why would a reactor continue to make heat after the nano particles disappeared?* There is a class of Rydberg matter that condenses and evaporates like water in the evaporation cycle. As an example, consider how cesium behaves in a thermionic converter. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0039602892913359 Very low work function surfaces from condensed excited states: Rydberg matter of cesium ; “Measurements of work functions on the electrodes in plasma diodes of the thermionic energy converter (TEC) type are commonly made by studies of the voltage-current characteristics. The plasma in such converters is a low temperature cesium plasma, between two electrodes at different temperatures, around 1500 and 800 K respectively. We have recently reported on new phenomena in such plasmas, giving very strong electron emission from the cold to the hot electrode. This type of behavior is related to the formation of large densities of excited states, and we explain the observations as due to a condensed phase of excited cesium atoms, which we call Rydberg matter. This type of matter was recently predicted theoretically by Manykin et al. An analysis of the diode measurements gives very low work functions for the excited matter, less than 0.7 eV and probably less than 0.5 eV. This low work function agrees with the jellium model, since the density of atoms in Rydberg matter is very low.” Cesium is a vapor near the hot electrode at 1500C and solid in the form of nano-particles on and around the low temperature electrode at 500C. Potassium is a close cousin to cesium but operates at a higher temperature. This evaporation cycle must occur in the Ni/H reactor. Ed Storms states: *I do not understand what relationship you propose exists between the ionization potential and the dielectric behavior. I also do not understand how the dielectric behavior has any effect on a nuclear reaction. The concept is based on an electron being temporarily displaced from its normal equilibrium position around an atom. The H in a material is already ionized, hence no electron is present to be displaced. In addition, the definition of dielectric does not apply to Ni because it is a conductor. As for a gas, a voltage will not have much effect until the gas ionizes. This process has no relationship to the concept of dielectric. Consequently, I have no idea what process you are describing or how it relates to LENR. * Axil responds: The key to LENR is charge screening not *“A concept based on an electron being temporarily displaced from its normal equilibrium position around an atom. The H in a material is already ionized”* Here is how charge screening is amplified. The evanescent wave There is an EMF power amplification factor of up to 10 to the 15 power experimentally demonstrated by nanolenzes formed by nanowires and nanoparticles. The question is “how does such a concentration of power occur?” An evanescent wave exits in the near-field of a reflecting surface with an intensity that exhibits exponential decay with distance from the boundary at which the wave was formed. Evanescent waves are a general property of wave-equations, and can in principle occur in any context to which a wave-equation applies. They are formed at the boundary between two media with different wave motion properties, and are most intense within one third of a wavelength from the surface of formation. This is the reason why electric arching and dielectric boundaries are important in LENR. EMF amplification involves solutions of Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions where imaginary solutions are manifest. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave Total internal reflection of light In the context of Ni/H LENR+, the boundary between nickel and pressurized hydrogen forms a boundary trap where the capacitive EMF(electrons) accumulate because there is a Total internal reflection of this EMF at the boundary of the metal hydrogen interface. These electron waves accumulate and superimpose constructively. This EMF wave function has no solution that transmits energy away from the boundary. Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components have an imaginary value. This coupling between the hydrogen dielectric that cover the nano-particle and/or the nickel micro-particle is directly analogous to the coupling between the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, or between the two plates of a capacitor. Mathematically, the process is the same as that of quantum tunneling, except with electromagnetic waves instead of quantum-mechanical wavefunction. This near surface interface boundary is the zone were electrons accumulate by a power concentration factor of trillions or more. It is this charge concentration that produces coulomb barrier lowering in the boundary layer where the evanescent wave forms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_resonance Fano resonance is the mechanism that mixes the electron and light waveforms together. The infrared radiation and dielectric oscillations of the excitons are the two waveforms involved. An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. The Fano resonance line-shape is due to interference between two scattering amplitudes, one due to scattering within a continuum of states (the background process) and the second due to an excitation of a discrete state (the resonant process). The energy of the resonant state must lie in the energy range of the continuum (background) states for the effect to occur. Near the resonant energy, the background scattering amplitude typically varies slowly with energy while the resonant scattering amplitude changes both in magnitude and phase quickly. It is this variation that creates the asymmetric profile. The Fano resonance is how increased infrared stimulation of the micro powder increases LENR activity. When DGT removes the hydrogen from their reactor, the Fano resonance is destroyed. Fano resonance is like a charger of a capacitor that will continue to load the capacitor until the capacitor is fully loaded. This loading condition occurs when the energy lost from the capacitor equals the input loading energy level of the charger. On Sat, May 18, 2013 at 9:24 AM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: > Do you understand that you are focusing only on the Rossi method, while > I'm talking about all 5 of the other methods known to initiate nuclear > reactions? If your model cannot explain all methods and results, then it is > not very useful. > > Axil, the Rossi reactor is not a nanosystem because at the temperature he > is using, nanoparticles immediately sinter into larger particles. This is a > chemical fact. He may start with some nanoparticles in his material, but > these do not last long at the final temperature, yet the system continues > to make energy. If nano particles were required to cause LENR, why would a > reactor continue to make heat after the nano particles disappeared? > > I do not understand what relationship you propose exists between the > ionization potential and the dielectric behavior. I also do not understand > how the dielectric behavior has any effect on a nuclear reaction. The > concept is based on an electron being temporarily displaced from its normal > equilibrium position around an atom. The H in a material is already > ionized, hence no electron is present to be displaced. In addition, the > definition of dielectric does not apply to Ni because it is a conductor. > As for a gas, a voltage will not have much effect until the gas ionizes. > This process has no relationship to the concept of dielectric. > Consequently, I have no idea what process you are describing or how it > relates to LENR. > > Dielectric > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia > Jump to: navigation<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric#mw-navigation>, > search <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric#p-search> > > A *dielectric* is an electrical > insulator<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_%28electrical%29>that can be > polarized <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipolar_polarization> by an > applied electric field <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field>. > When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not > flow through the material as they do in a > conductor<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor>, > but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing > *dielectric > polarization*. > > I get the impression that you have a very personal view of what happens > during LENR and even what happens in Nature. I'm having a hard time > understanding how this view has any relationship to what I know to be true. > > Ed Storms > > > > > On May 17, 2013, at 2:58 PM, Axil Axil wrote: > > > Ed Storms states: > > > What temperature? LENR works near room temperature. > > > Axil Responds: > > > In the Ni/H reactor, the startup temperature is about 60C to 80C. > > > Ed Storms states: > > > No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present > during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere. > > > Axil Responds: > > > In the Ni/H reactor, the micro-particles are covered with nano-structures > or “tubules” as Rossi calls them. > > DGT also must produce a nano-wire cover of the micro-particle because they > do micro-particle surface preparation. > > I call these micro-particles a two stage particle system because they are > both a micro-particle and a nano-particle ensemble. > > > Ed Storms states: > > > No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present > during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere. > > > Axil Responds > > > You don’t understand the design details of the Ni/H reactor yet. The Ni/H > reactor is a nano-system. LENR took a step forward to LENR+ when > nano-particles where introduced to upgrade the LENR design. > > Ed Storms states: > > > I have no idea what you mean. What is a dielectric gas envelope? > > > Axil Responds > > > Sorted by 1st Ionization Potential (eV), Name, Sym # > > 12.130 Xenon Xe 54 > 12.967 Chlorine Cl 17 > 13.598 Hydrogen H 1 > 13.618 Oxygen O 8 > 13.999 Krypton Kr 36 > 14.534 Nitrogen N 7 > 15.759 Argon Ar 18 > 17.422 Fluorine F 9 > 21.564 Neon Ne 10 > 24.587 Helium He 2 > > You will notice that hydrogen is highly dielectric. > > Ed Storms states: > > > Potassium is seldom used. No additive is present during gas loading or gas > discharge. Lithium is normally used during electrolysis. > > > Axil Responds: > > Any alkali metal will produce nano-clusters; some more than others. > > > Ed Storms states: > > > This is a nice idea, but it has no connection with how LENR is actually > made to work. Because CF works without these conditions, I conclude these > conditions are not necessary to make it work. > > > Axil responds: > > > In a LENR system a few cracks form with some nano-particles inside them > mostly derived from impurities and hydrogen and or alkali metal clustering. > LENR is weak, transient, random, and intermittent because of this. > > > In a Ni/H reactor, a billion NAE sites are formed under the action of the > “secret sauce”. The LENR+ reaction is strong, permanent, consistent, and > controllable because of nano-engineering. > . > > > The difference between LENR where random forces might or might not produce > a weak reaction and LENR+ which is engineered to consistently generate a > large reaction is intentional and consistent nano-engineering design. > > > You oftentimes say that the LENR engineer must standardize and optimize > what is happening in those palladium cracks. But when the answer is > presented to you, you cannot appreciate it. > > > > On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 4:00 PM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: > >> >> On May 17, 2013, at 1:39 PM, Axil Axil wrote: >> >> LENR requires a concentration of polaritons that is challenging to >> produce when random processes are at play. >> >> >> First, heat maintained at a sufficient level must be available in the >> system. >> >> >> What temperature? LENR works near room temperature. >> >> >> Next, an ideal mix of micro and nano-particles of the proper sizes must >> be used in the system that corresponds with the ambient black body >> temperature maintained in the system. >> >> No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present >> during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere. >> >> >> Next, the dielectric gas envelope must be pressurized to the optimum >> level to support polariton formation on the surface of the micro particles. >> >> I have no idea what you mean. What is a dielectric gas envelope? >> >> >> Next, the surface of the micro-particles must be covered with a dense >> negative electric charge to support polariton formation. >> >> >> This condition is not created during LENR. While the charge on a cathode >> is negative, it is attracting positive ions that will neutralize any >> negative charge that might form . The charge on the surfaces during gas >> loading is unknown but probably neutral. >> >> >> A potassium based chemical additive must be added to form nano-particles >> of the proper size range through condensation triggered under the action of >> a resistive heater or a pulsed spark discharge. >> >> >> Potassium is seldom used. No additive is present during gas loading or >> gas discharge. Lithium is normally used during electrolysis. >> >> >> A Radio frequency generator operating in the CB band should help in >> condensing the potassium based nano-particle ensemble through coherent >> cooling. >> >> >> Radio frequency is never applied to make the effect work. >> >> >> >> The size range distribution of the micro and nano particles must be >> optimized so that the particle ensemble provide the proper cascade >> amplification of the polariton charge concentration near the smallest >> nano-particle in the cascade. >> >> >> This is a nice idea, but it has no connection with how LENR is actually >> made to work. Because CF works without these conditions, I conclude these >> conditions are not necessary to make it work. >> >> Ed Storms >> >> >> >> >> >> On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 3:02 PM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: >> >>> Axil, if this process actually can initiate a nuclear reaction, why do >>> nuclear reactions not occur when these "polaritons" are made? Why are >>> certain materials treated to certain very novel conditions required to >>> cause CF? There appears to be no connection between the conditions required >>> to produce polaritons and the conditions required to initiate CF. Can you >>> explain this disconnect? >>> >>> Ed Storms >>> >>> On May 17, 2013, at 12:56 PM, Axil Axil wrote: >>> >>> A polariton is a unique and special hybrid of light and the electron. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> A polariton can be stimulated into lazing, which means it can form a >>> Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> See my post: Polariton lasers. >>> >>> >>> >>> The polariton is light that carries negative electric charge. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> When polaritons are concentrated, since charge is conserved, charge is >>> concentrated. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> The electric charge of the polariton is concentrated in the hot spot. >>> This type of electric charge forms a BEC EMF lattice of charge. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> In Ed’s mind, he still believes that large amounts of energy are needed >>> to drive a particle at high speeds to overcome the coulomb barrier. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> But when negative electric charge is concentrated to such extreme >>> levels, the virtual photons that carry the negative electric field from the >>> hot spot screens the positive charge of the nucleus of the atoms close to >>> the hot spot to allow subatomic particles to come and go at low energy. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> This ability to concentrate charge to extreme levels is the fundamental >>> causation of LENR. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 2:16 PM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: >>> >>>> Lou, most experiments apply no extra energy other than temperature or >>>> electric current. We know that the level of temperature and current used do >>>> not and cannot initiate a nuclear reaction. Something else is important. >>>> Yes, small local variations in energy might occur, but these are not even >>>> close to what is required to initiate a nuclear reaction. We are >>>> discussing the LENR effect here, not whether small variations in energy >>>> might occur in a material based on some novel process. That subject >>>> requires a different discussion. >>>> >>>> Even when high energy is applied on purpose, such as by using ion >>>> bombardment, the energy required to get the observed rates is many >>>> thousands of eV and the result is hot fusion, not cold fusion. >>>> Consequently, we now know that energy cannot be spontaneously concentrated >>>> enough to cause the observed rates and if it were concentrated, the result >>>> would be only hot fusion. >>>> >>>> People keep trying to suggest minor processes that are observed to >>>> occur in materials under conditions that have no relationship to cold >>>> fusion. These discussion, while interesting and I'm sure informative, are >>>> not related to the subject at hand. If you want to understand CF, you need >>>> to focus on what is known about CF. >>>> >>>> We know that energy cannot spontaneously concentrate to levels required >>>> to initiate a nuclear reaction. We know that when energy is applied at the >>>> required level, hot fusion results, not cold fusion. Nevertheless, modest >>>> extra energy applied to when LENR is already occuring does increase the >>>> rate. This means the extra energy is not required to initiate the process, >>>> but affects some aspect of the process already in progress, such as >>>> diffusion. You need to explore how energy might affect the process, not >>>> how it might start the process. >>>> >>>> Ed Storms >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> On May 17, 2013, at 11:33 AM, [email protected] wrote: >>>> >>>> Ed, >>>>> >>>>> Don't many (most) LENR experiments use outside energy stimuli? >>>>> >>>>> As far as concentration, nanostructures can concentrate currents >>>>> (see [1] ), electric fields (see Axil's many postings), or magnetic >>>>> fields (see [2]) enormously, with currents and fields available from >>>>> simple lab equipment. >>>>> >>>>> How is this controversial? >>>>> >>>>> How is the 2nd Law violated, or even mildly challenged? >>>>> >>>>> [1] "Stability of Metal Nanowires at Ultrahigh Current Densities" >>>>> >>>>> http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/**0411058<http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0411058> >>>>> >>>>> {2] "Feynman Lectures on Physics" Vol.3, Ch.21 (p.5) >>>>> >>>>> http://www.peaceone.net/basic/**Feynman/V3%20Ch21.pdf<http://www.peaceone.net/basic/Feynman/V3%20Ch21.pdf> >>>>> >>>>> -- Lou Pagnucco >>>>> >>>>> Edmund Storms wrote: >>>>> >>>>>> [...] >>>>>> The question with cold fusion is whether energy can spontaneously >>>>>> concentrate in a region to a high enough level to initiate a nuclear >>>>>> reaction. Or, for example, can enough energy concentrate in an >>>>>> electron to allow a neutron to form if the energetic election met a >>>>>> proton? Experience and the Second Law of Thermodynamics say that such >>>>>> a process is impossible. Of course, if enough laser energy is >>>>>> applied, anything might happen. However this level of energy is not >>>>>> applied in most experiments that produce LENR. >>>>>> >>>>>> I hope this issue is now clearer, James. >>>>>> >>>>>> [...] >>>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>> >>> >>> >> >> > >
