Do you understand that you are focusing only on the Rossi method,
while I'm talking about all 5 of the other methods known to initiate
nuclear reactions? If your model cannot explain all methods and
results, then it is not very useful.
Axil, the Rossi reactor is not a nanosystem because at the temperature
he is using, nanoparticles immediately sinter into larger particles.
This is a chemical fact. He may start with some nanoparticles in his
material, but these do not last long at the final temperature, yet the
system continues to make energy. If nano particles were required to
cause LENR, why would a reactor continue to make heat after the nano
particles disappeared?
I do not understand what relationship you propose exists between the
ionization potential and the dielectric behavior. I also do not
understand how the dielectric behavior has any effect on a nuclear
reaction. The concept is based on an electron being temporarily
displaced from its normal equilibrium position around an atom. The H
in a material is already ionized, hence no electron is present to be
displaced. In addition, the definition of dielectric does not apply to
Ni because it is a conductor. As for a gas, a voltage will not have
much effect until the gas ionizes. This process has no relationship to
the concept of dielectric. Consequently, I have no idea what process
you are describing or how it relates to LENR.
Dielectric
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an
applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric
field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in
a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium
positions causing dielectric polarization.
I get the impression that you have a very personal view of what
happens during LENR and even what happens in Nature. I'm having a hard
time understanding how this view has any relationship to what I know
to be true.
Ed Storms
On May 17, 2013, at 2:58 PM, Axil Axil wrote:
Ed Storms states:
What temperature? LENR works near room temperature.
Axil Responds:
In the Ni/H reactor, the startup temperature is about 60C to 80C.
Ed Storms states:
No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present
during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere.
Axil Responds:
In the Ni/H reactor, the micro-particles are covered with nano-
structures or “tubules” as Rossi calls them.
DGT also must produce a nano-wire cover of the micro-particle
because they do micro-particle surface preparation.
I call these micro-particles a two stage particle system because
they are both a micro-particle and a nano-particle ensemble.
Ed Storms states:
No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present
during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere.
Axil Responds
You don’t understand the design details of the Ni/H reactor yet. The
Ni/H reactor is a nano-system. LENR took a step forward to LENR+
when nano-particles where introduced to upgrade the LENR design.
Ed Storms states:
I have no idea what you mean. What is a dielectric gas envelope?
Axil Responds
Sorted by 1st Ionization Potential (eV), Name, Sym #
12.130 Xenon Xe 54
12.967 Chlorine Cl 17
13.598 Hydrogen H 1
13.618 Oxygen O 8
13.999 Krypton Kr 36
14.534 Nitrogen N 7
15.759 Argon Ar 18
17.422 Fluorine F 9
21.564 Neon Ne 10
24.587 Helium He 2
You will notice that hydrogen is highly dielectric.
Ed Storms states:
Potassium is seldom used. No additive is present during gas loading
or gas discharge. Lithium is normally used during electrolysis.
Axil Responds:
Any alkali metal will produce nano-clusters; some more than others.
Ed Storms states:
This is a nice idea, but it has no connection with how LENR is
actually made to work. Because CF works without these conditions, I
conclude these conditions are not necessary to make it work.
Axil responds:
In a LENR system a few cracks form with some nano-particles inside
them mostly derived from impurities and hydrogen and or alkali metal
clustering. LENR is weak, transient, random, and intermittent
because of this.
In a Ni/H reactor, a billion NAE sites are formed under the action
of the “secret sauce”. The LENR+ reaction is strong, permanent,
consistent, and controllable because of nano-engineering.
.
The difference between LENR where random forces might or might not
produce a weak reaction and LENR+ which is engineered to
consistently generate a large reaction is intentional and consistent
nano-engineering design.
You oftentimes say that the LENR engineer must standardize and
optimize what is happening in those palladium cracks. But when the
answer is presented to you, you cannot appreciate it.
On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 4:00 PM, Edmund Storms
<stor...@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
On May 17, 2013, at 1:39 PM, Axil Axil wrote:
LENR requires a concentration of polaritons that is challenging to
produce when random processes are at play.
First, heat maintained at a sufficient level must be available in
the system.
What temperature? LENR works near room temperature.
Next, an ideal mix of micro and nano-particles of the proper sizes
must be used in the system that corresponds with the ambient black
body temperature maintained in the system.
No evidence exists that a large number of nano particles are present
during LENR, although a few are always present everywhere.
Next, the dielectric gas envelope must be pressurized to the
optimum level to support polariton formation on the surface of the
micro particles.
I have no idea what you mean. What is a dielectric gas envelope?
Next, the surface of the micro-particles must be covered with a
dense negative electric charge to support polariton formation.
This condition is not created during LENR. While the charge on a
cathode is negative, it is attracting positive ions that will
neutralize any negative charge that might form . The charge on the
surfaces during gas loading is unknown but probably neutral.
A potassium based chemical additive must be added to form nano-
particles of the proper size range through condensation triggered
under the action of a resistive heater or a pulsed spark discharge.
Potassium is seldom used. No additive is present during gas loading
or gas discharge. Lithium is normally used during electrolysis.
A Radio frequency generator operating in the CB band should help in
condensing the potassium based nano-particle ensemble through
coherent cooling.
Radio frequency is never applied to make the effect work.
The size range distribution of the micro and nano particles must be
optimized so that the particle ensemble provide the proper cascade
amplification of the polariton charge concentration near the
smallest nano-particle in the cascade.
This is a nice idea, but it has no connection with how LENR is
actually made to work. Because CF works without these conditions, I
conclude these conditions are not necessary to make it work.
Ed Storms
On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 3:02 PM, Edmund Storms
<stor...@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
Axil, if this process actually can initiate a nuclear reaction, why
do nuclear reactions not occur when these "polaritons" are made?
Why are certain materials treated to certain very novel conditions
required to cause CF? There appears to be no connection between the
conditions required to produce polaritons and the conditions
required to initiate CF. Can you explain this disconnect?
Ed Storms
On May 17, 2013, at 12:56 PM, Axil Axil wrote:
A polariton is a unique and special hybrid of light and the
electron.
A polariton can be stimulated into lazing, which means it can form
a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).
See my post: Polariton lasers.
The polariton is light that carries negative electric charge.
When polaritons are concentrated, since charge is conserved,
charge is concentrated.
The electric charge of the polariton is concentrated in the hot
spot. This type of electric charge forms a BEC EMF lattice of
charge.
In Ed’s mind, he still believes that large amounts of energy are
needed to drive a particle at high speeds to overcome the coulomb
barrier.
But when negative electric charge is concentrated to such extreme
levels, the virtual photons that carry the negative electric field
from the hot spot screens the positive charge of the nucleus of
the atoms close to the hot spot to allow subatomic particles to
come and go at low energy.
This ability to concentrate charge to extreme levels is the
fundamental causation of LENR.
On Fri, May 17, 2013 at 2:16 PM, Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com
> wrote:
Lou, most experiments apply no extra energy other than temperature
or electric current. We know that the level of temperature and
current used do not and cannot initiate a nuclear reaction.
Something else is important. Yes, small local variations in
energy might occur, but these are not even close to what is
required to initiate a nuclear reaction. We are discussing the
LENR effect here, not whether small variations in energy might
occur in a material based on some novel process. That subject
requires a different discussion.
Even when high energy is applied on purpose, such as by using ion
bombardment, the energy required to get the observed rates is
many thousands of eV and the result is hot fusion, not cold
fusion. Consequently, we now know that energy cannot be
spontaneously concentrated enough to cause the observed rates and
if it were concentrated, the result would be only hot fusion.
People keep trying to suggest minor processes that are observed to
occur in materials under conditions that have no relationship to
cold fusion. These discussion, while interesting and I'm sure
informative, are not related to the subject at hand. If you want
to understand CF, you need to focus on what is known about CF.
We know that energy cannot spontaneously concentrate to levels
required to initiate a nuclear reaction. We know that when energy
is applied at the required level, hot fusion results, not cold
fusion. Nevertheless, modest extra energy applied to when LENR is
already occuring does increase the rate. This means the extra
energy is not required to initiate the process, but affects some
aspect of the process already in progress, such as diffusion. You
need to explore how energy might affect the process, not how it
might start the process.
Ed Storms
On May 17, 2013, at 11:33 AM, pagnu...@htdconnect.com wrote:
Ed,
Don't many (most) LENR experiments use outside energy stimuli?
As far as concentration, nanostructures can concentrate currents
(see [1] ), electric fields (see Axil's many postings), or magnetic
fields (see [2]) enormously, with currents and fields available from
simple lab equipment.
How is this controversial?
How is the 2nd Law violated, or even mildly challenged?
[1] "Stability of Metal Nanowires at Ultrahigh Current Densities"
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0411058
{2] "Feynman Lectures on Physics" Vol.3, Ch.21 (p.5)
http://www.peaceone.net/basic/Feynman/V3%20Ch21.pdf
-- Lou Pagnucco
Edmund Storms wrote:
[...]
The question with cold fusion is whether energy can spontaneously
concentrate in a region to a high enough level to initiate a nuclear
reaction. Or, for example, can enough energy concentrate in an
electron to allow a neutron to form if the energetic election met a
proton? Experience and the Second Law of Thermodynamics say that
such
a process is impossible. Of course, if enough laser energy is
applied, anything might happen. However this level of energy is not
applied in most experiments that produce LENR.
I hope this issue is now clearer, James.
[...]
