Ed--Bob Here-- I would note that testing by the manipulation of spin is possible by changing the static magnetic fields or the oscillating fields given known nuclear magnetic resonance parameters. You suggest that energies associated with spin are not found to involve the magnitude of energy involved. Who determined this situation? Is there a reference supporting this conclusion other that mere assertion?
I know of Japanese researcher data regarding the formation of various heavier isotopes after forcing D gas through thin films. However, I am not familiar with the data you suggest for the splitting of Pd and Ni. A couple references would be good. When do you expect to finish your book on the subject? If you have a partial bibliography of references, maybe that would give me the pertinent leads. Bob Cook ----- Original Message ----- From: Edmund Storms To: [email protected] Cc: Edmund Storms Sent: Saturday, February 08, 2014 7:12 AM Subject: Re: [Vo]:MIT Course Day 5 -- NiH Systems Bob, we are presented with a complex puzzle. A solution requires testing possibilities against what is observed. A solution is made difficult if mechanisms are proposed that can not be tasted. For example, spin coupling can not be tested against what is known and, in addition, it is not found to involve the magnitude of energy involved. KThe human mind can imagine an infinite number of possibilities. Some way must be used to limit these possibilities. I do this my making as few assumptions as possible and then limit these to the most basic possibilities. If this approach fits the data, then we have the answer. If the data are not fit, then additional assumptions are added only where absolutely necessary as exceptions. To start, you need to stop thinking of the LENR process as being caused by ordinary nuclear reactions. For example cross-section data have no application. This data is based on use of high energy particles for which a reaction rate is determined as this energy is changed. This process does not happen during LENR. If this process were operating, LENR could not happen. In fact, rejection of the claim results because this kind of thinking is used. We are dealing with a new kind of nuclear reaction. The challenge is to discover the rules that apply to this reaction, not keep using rules that apply to conventional reactions. The rules of conventional reactions make LENR impossible. The data show that Pd and Ni split into smaller parts. This data results from hundreds of studies and is not in doubt. This fact is the starting point for a search for an explanation. The first assumption results from the need to have something cause this result. That event is assumed to be addition of either one or more d or p to the nucleus by some unknown process, followed by fragmentation. Such a process requires the number of p and n in the initial nucleus to equal the total number in the fragments. As a result, if 2d entered the Ni, the fragments would have to contain a total of 30 p. This limits the element combinations that can result. Such calculations can be called nuclear chemistry because the same rule applies to chemical reactions. In the case of nuclear reactions, unlike chemistry, the number of neutrons also has to remain unchanged. Each isotope of an element has a different number of neutrons. Therefore, different isotope combinations are possible. At this point, we need one more assumption. This assumption says the isotope combination must always be non-radioactive, because that is what is observed most of the time. When this assumption is applied, the combinations are further limited, with some isotopes of Ni having many element combinations and some having only a few possibilities. The periodic table can be searched to discover which elements between He and Ni satisfy these two conditions. I have done this and obtained a distribution. This distribution matches what is observed. Therefore, the two assumptions appear to be correct. Once this information is obtained, the energy from each reaction can be calculated along with the frequency of each reaction, with no other assumptions being required. So you ask how the d or p got into the Ni nucleus. This is a separate question requiring different assumptions. First, energy must be available and it must be applied at the time and place where the nuclear event occurs. In addition, this energy must have a form that does not interact with the surrounding chemical structure. This requirement is unique to LENR, unlike what can happen in plasma. I propose a structure forms I call a Hydroton in which the fusion process takes place. This reaction, and only this reaction, has enough energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier for Ni or Pd. This fact further limits what can be proposed to happen. Of course, a person can imagine all kinds of novel quantum process that might operate, but these can not be tested and they all conflict with basic natural laws, which I will not explain here. I can test the consequence of the fusion reaction using the method applied above. I can add one or more d to the Ni or I can add one or more p. It turns out adding 2 d fit the observations. The question is, what kind of fusion reaction can generate two d? This can only happen as a result of a p-e-p reaction. Having 2d enter means the Ni had to be attracted to two Hydrotons, each of which produced and added 1d. Here we have used a few basic assumptions to explain transmutation and to describe the fusion reaction by showing how they are connected. No additional assumptions are required and no novel or untestable processes have to be suggested. This is how, I suggest, LENR be explored. If this approach is used, LENR can be explained and all the previously unexplained behavior makes sense. That is what I'm attempting to do in the book. No math is required. Only knowledge of what has been observed, simple logic, and knowledge of basic chemistry and nuclear behavior is required. The lesson is keep it simple and basic. KISABS Ed Storms Ed--Bob Cook here Spin states of a quantum system reflect the angular momentum of the system and hence the energy associated with that angular momentum. High spin quantum numbers reflect the higher energy of the system. The allowable states are quantized. In magnetic fields the direction of the spin is controlled more or less depending upon the field strength. The allowable number of states is reduced from the situation where there is no magnetic field. Resonant magnetic oscillating fields input to a nucleus with a magnetic moment and non-zero spin state for its ground state, can add energy to the quantum system by changing the spin number of the quantum system. This is the basis for the MRI technology which is an accounting of the energy absorption at a given resonance frequency at well determined locations, identifying the nucleus with the specific resonance frequency absorption . If there is spin coupling, (a basic assumption is that spin is conserved in any nuclear reaction at the end of the reaction) a coupling between various particles subject to integer, J, quantum seems probable. Thus, any He-4* with a high spin integer J quantum number and excess energy--say 10 mev--would distribute this high angular momentum to electrons or other particles in the quantum system--all the many electrons and particles at the same time. The electrons (and other particles) in turn would distribute their excess spin energy (angular momentum) to the lattice as electromagnetic field oscillations or radiation and hence lattice heat. In the end the net spin would be what it was to start with. The reaction would be fast and cause results of the distribution of quantum angular momentum and lattice motion instantaneously. No energetic (kinetic energy) particles are involved, only angular momentum with its corresponding rotational energy. The rotational energy may actually be rotating electric and or magnetic fields associated with the particle with the high spin quantum state. Again I do not understand the details of spin coupling, the actual timing nor the most likely fractionation of the spin/angular momentum among the particles of the quantum system. The basic idea is that the energy associated with the mass loss first shows up as angular momentum or spin of the newly found He-4* and this spin is distributed to the rest of the system. Bob Cook
