http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwhp/ic/ibroadcast/304-171/images/live/p0/2t/6y/p02t6y8l.jpg
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
---
You are currently
Thanks ken ...
I only read the summary but it looks like there is no data that IQ or reasoning
is actually affected. Of course you should be able to spot slightly different
brain activity for different pieces of music. But what does that prove? I am
surprised they are still toying with this
As an undergraduate I developed a few idiosyncratic short hand symbols, arrows
and squiggly lines, acronyms and so forth. This allowed me to write down more
information than if I wrote out full words. Also, for the first two years
(before I discovered the meaning of social life) I rewrote
I got a lot of flat tires this semester, plus a few of personal issues as well
.. Thanks Beth for nudging me into thinking about an attendance policy for next
fall (I try to write syllabi at the end of every semester). Beth's post is also
interesting as we teach at the same institution and PSU
On the surface, doesn't seem like a traditional psych topic, but this can be
related to culture, biological needs (eating), fads, social bonds, evolution
(was there really one one Paleo diet?) perhaps body image too. I resonate to
such topics and this captured my attention:
If this hasn't been posted before:
Descartes sitting in a bar, orders a beer, drinks it .. Bartender says another
beer sir?. Yes and drinks it ... At closing time, bartender says one last
beer sir?
Descartes says I think not and disappears
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Hey, what's this all about??
We can find group differences if we look, but are they important enough to
discuss? My 16 year old who is mostly European DNA happens to be vying for top
sprinter in the state ... and if we find group differences do we have to
use the word superiority?
And
-9757
Room 4L41 (4 th Floor Lockhart)
www.uwinnipeg.ca/~clark
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent: Monday, March 02, 2015 8:10 AM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: Re: [tips] Are coin tosses random?
As a practical demo of a related issue
As a practical demo of a related issue, stand a few pennies on their edge (I
would alternate which side heads is on) on a table and shake or tap the table
and most will come up heads due to the fact that the head side of a penny is
ever so slightly larger than the tail side, hence has a very
FYI:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01973533.2015.1012991#.VOxksXZ=
The journal Basic and Applied Social Psychology!
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
Well, that is certainly more than what Boston has! (below). PEI is on my list
of places to visit this summer. Think it'll be melted by June??
http://news.yahoo.com/boston-blizzard-challenge-snow-city-mayor-marty-walsh-windows-164308035.html
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
And it is good to remember that we are just dealing with words, and they do not
always sync with what's going on inside. Some people put up a good front with
words to counteract despair. And there are individual as well as cultural
differences. Ask a typical American how they are today and they
...@ms3.lga2.nytimes.com
To: John Kulig ku...@plymouth.edu
Sent: Friday, February 20, 2015 3:39:49 PM
Subject: NYTimes.com: The Government?s Bad Diet Advice
fyi
Sent by ku...@plymouth.edu :
Op-Ed Contributor
The Government?s Bad Diet Advice
By NINA TEICHOLZ
America?s dietary
It's always difficult to analyze from a distance. It sounds like he has some
serious joint pain. That resonated with me. My family tree has people that ..
though they live forever (my mid 90ish mother still rocks and cooks like Julia
Child) ... are prone to joint pain. After a day of skiing I
I don't really have a horse in this race, but I am pleased that academic people
are the focus of attention.
They can also say .. this will make Hillary's victory all the sweeter
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
- Original Message -
From: Jim
“Floreat Labore”
__
-Original Message-
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent: Friday, September 26, 2014 9:05 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: RE: [tips] The decline of intellectual curiosity
Stuart
It is true there are too many distractions. Another speculation is that the
lack of curiosity is simply passivity caused by the lower educational levels
being overly structured with rubrics and outlines. My boys (one in HS another
almost there) have very detailed instructions for coursework.
Floreat Labore
[cid:image002.jpg@01CFD994.C1E6F680]
[cid:image003.jpg@01CFD994.C1E6F680]
___
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent: September 26, 2014 1:42 PM
Can't remember Richard Attenborough in The Bridge Over the River Kwai ...
(perhaps we are thinking of William Holden or Sir Alex Guinness?). But a great
movie and yes he was a great actor, described as a champagne socialist ... the
best kind.
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Actually, I was wondering if a sports team winning - home field vs. away, same
country vs. different country, etc - causes one to get a little cheeky?
I'm not much of a sports fan, but I suspect Montreal vs. Boston games have the
same psychological punch as say, Red Sox vs. Yankees or
-
From: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Sent: Thursday, May 15, 2014 9:43:38 AM
Subject: Re: [tips] Psychological consequences of losing by sports teams?
Actually, I was wondering if a sports team
Bit of trivia about that scene (I will deplete all my TIPs posts) - director
Rob Reiner (Michael meathead Stivik from All in the Family, son of famed Carl
Reiner) acted out how he would do that scene in front of the cast, and he felt
especially weird because his mother was there watching. Why
Yikes - teachers can't do anything these days!
In fairness to the teacher: It was originally called the Dove Counterbalance
General Intelligence Test and can remind people about the importance of culture
in test taking performance. The items are from the 1960s. However, I hope the
teacher in
p.s. I also notice in the top of the photo that it is part of a standard
educational text (Wadsworth/Thompson Learning). In the US at least, grade
school teachers have strict goals to accomplish, and cultural sensitivity is
one of them. And the text book industry fills the books with
Sounds like they assigned children to conditions. Was it random? But even if
not, each Ss served in both conditions. Small N.
I wouldn't necessarily call the IV confounded, but chicken on-the-bone versus
bite sized chunks is a sloppy IV - what exactly is the key stimulus feature? It
could
rhymes with Science!
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
- Original Message -
From: michael sylvester msylves...@copper.net
To: Teaching in
Thanks Jim and Stuart for thoughtful comments, and Mike for getting me thinking
about the speed of race cars!
Speaking about construct validity, the strong inter-correlations between
diverse sub tests is difficult to dismiss. Even more impressive, g is
consistently the best predictor of
Mike
I am not sure I get the point about g being an artifact of factor analysis. I
realize we can name factors anything we wish. The loadings correlate the
sub-tests with the hypothetical/latent variable that we call factor I, II etc
I also know that there are different methods of
Obviously, the differences between aptitude and achievement, as well as
innate versus whatever the opposite of innate is, are not clear cut. There
are varying degrees of overlap between all the these (and innate is too crude
to be useful). And SAT is correlated pretty high with g (the exact
Thanks Chris .. I am adding this to my impact factor file. In a few weeks I
am co-chairing a meeting on publication options for new faculty; impact factor
will be discussed.
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth
Hi all
First, a disclaimer: In a few weeks I am helping with a seminar on publishing
outlets and publishing options for new faculty. So I am asking the TIPSs
community to help with my homework. I will present some objective information
on open access and on line publishing, but would like to
of the exchanges on the
subject of open access that have taken place in that forum should be useful to
you: http://scholarlyoa.com/.
Miguel
From: John Kulig [ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent: Thursday, March 13, 2014 11:14 AM
To: Teaching
Someone a while back said that US academics are probably middle of the road
compared to academics in other countries and the general public in many
European countries. I split this into two dimensions:
Economic issues: (Low taxes, no government regulation, anti-union) - (High
taxes,
Well what a coincidence
Not _exactly_ about the liberty/equality trade off, but the economic
growth/equality trade of with government intervention (i.e. lack of freedom)
lurking in there somewhere:
Steele steel...@appstate.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Sent: Monday, March 10, 2014 5:23:52 PM
Subject: Re: [tips] Psychology and Politics
On 3/10/2014 3:26 PM, John Kulig wrote:
If I had 10 seconds to size up a person, I'd ask which is more
The traditional breast feeding advantage may have little to do with the milk
per se; rather the general health of the mothers who choose to breast feed:
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/is-breast-feeding-really-better/?hpwrref=health
Ah Christopher Green beat me to a few points ... only _partly_ tongue-in-cheek,
I would add that letter grades are close to the magical number of categories (7
+- 2) that limits some of our cognitive processes. When grading essays or
artistic performances, can we reliably segregate students
Well, grades are not perfect measurement devices, but what is in psychology?
Interestingly, less than perfect reliability of any otwo variables limits the
extent the two variables can correlate. Measurement texts give the upper limit,
or maximum, of validity coefficients (as, say, SAT
==
- Original Message -
From: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Sent: Wednesday, February 19, 2014 8:46:32 AM
Subject: Re: [tips] SAT and High School grade study
Well, grades
) will be a good college student.
Nancy Melucci
Long Beach City College
Long Beach CA
-Original Message-
From: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS) tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Sent: Tue, Feb 18, 2014 8:16 am
Subject: [tips] SAT and High
Hey does anybody have access to the full article? (I will subscribe if I can't
get a copy any other way)
Is it merely the fact that physical scientists, on average, have higher IQs
(duh, more math!) and are also less religious (whatever that means) than other
scientists? If so there are a
This article is worth reading carefully IF you wanted to start untangling IQ,
religiosity, academic disciplines etc ... I did a quick read, not enough to get
it all, but enough to realize the importance of operational definitions. Much
research is cited. There is also some interesting data to
Thanks Chris .. this is a terrific article and many undergrads can plow through
it. I have gone back and forth on the p versus CI (which is simply rearranging
the math) versus effect size issue and have come to the conclusion that we have
to keep our options open and not use one rule to
Thanks ... they did a great job with this, I am passing this along to our
faculty and psych club ...
JK
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
-
Now is this ordinal or interval scaling? Another odd metric: I introduced my class yesterday to Oliver Smoot (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot) who used his body to measure the Harvard Bridge. It's my understanding that after he tired, his brothers
At the height of my guitar playing days (height is a relative term), I could
stumble through 'Living in the Country' by Pete Seeger .. it's the only
instrumental I heard him do. There may have been others. Lets not forget:
Little Boxes
Where have all the flowers gone (inspired by the obscure
I liked the dragons better than the rabbits. I would have explained it to a
class by having a random sample of 2 dragons from the bimodal and creating a
sample space with 4 possibilities: Short/Short, Short/Long, Long/Short, and
Long/Long. There are twice as many ways to get a medium average.
Thanks Mike for this interesting article .. probably all languages have
expressions that are understood best without logical. My favorite AI language
interpreter joke is: The British are coming! The British are coming! .. By
land or by sea? Yes!. And my Russian priest, when dissing others'
Well, Skinner's pigeons did not fly by themselves, but they were trained to
peck at outlines of ships so as to guide missiles to their target during WWII
... the military did not support Project Pigeon wholeheartedly though Skinner
claimed it would have worked. Each nose cone had three
I don't have any evidence on whether he signed anything like this .. though
very few people would sign a blanket opposition to all wars at all times.
However, in general, he did seem to be idealistic about the possibility of
reducing violence and other nasty things as evidenced by his interest
Actually, it does let you submit from the link - underlined - in How well
does this test of regional slang reveal where you’re from? I took it and it
told me I was either from northern new england or southern Florida (obviously
people who fled the hardy and healthy north). I will check outside
-786-9757
4L41A
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent: Wednesday, December 18, 2013 12:52 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: Re: [tips] Sources of happiness
This may be my third post? We shall see!
I am currently trying to locate some info
Just checked my snail mail box and thought I was done with H .. but in my new
copy of Psych Science, Kan et al .. On the nature and nurture of Intelligence
and It gives H estimates for a variety of cognitive abilities and .. low
and behold .. H estimates are higher with more culture-laden
more culture-free .. sorry for typo!
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
- Original Message -
From: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
It's a well worn story, but Donald Hebb attacked the heritability (H) concept
with the story of raising children in a barrel until 12 (per Mark Twain's
suggestion) after which their average IQ would be very low but heritability
would = 1 because there is no environmental variation, despite the
of Humanities and Social Sciences
Professor of Psychology
Box 3519
John Brown University
2000 W. University Siloam Springs, AR 72761
rfro...@jbu.edu
(479) 524-7295
http://bit.ly/DrFroman
--
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku
Sciences Professor of Psychology Box
3519 John Brown University
2000 W. University Siloam Springs, AR 72761 rfro...@jbu.edu
(479) 524-7295
http://bit.ly/DrFroman
--
From: John Kulig [mailto:ku...@mail.plymouth.edu]
Sent
Philippe: Yes, and we are getting more snow. It was -10 F this morning (-23 C)
and more snow for tonight. But I'm in the country so we handle it better than
the cities.
The 50/40/10 is probably accurate. It's close to 50% based on data from Caprara
et al. (2009) Human optimal functioning:
The word? It's Latin I shall please .. unless we mean that the Russians were
using placebos first in medical research. The Russian word for please is
пожалуйста, pronounced po-zhal-ista. And you'd use Я (pronounced Ya .. not a
russian R btw) for I (but I believe there are alternate words used
I believe there is grade inflation nation-wide but I am willing to cut Harvard
some flack. They have become increasingly elite, and if they retain fixed
standards for grades, grades should creep up. I am not necessarily defending A-
as the modal grade. Here is some data from Chapter 1 of the
Speaking about bad accents, remember Paul McCartney's Dakota accent in Rocky Racoon? He couldn't keep it after second :30 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNRH7_Kd5Ycbtw I ran "capital of Canada" past my kids and they of course knew it .. they were
: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
To: John Kulig ku...@plymouth.edu
Sent: Wednesday, November 20, 2013 1:24:07 PM
http://news.yahoo.com/whats-the-capital-of-canada-harvard-video-140610532.html
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology
Tipsters:
Some time ago I recall reading something to the effect that our 90/80/70/60
ABCD grading scheme originated with Scottish instructors who brought it across
the Atlantic in colonial times but I have not been able to verify this or
locate where I saw that. Does anybody know? When you
Plymouth, NH
On Wed, Nov 20, 2013 at 1:39 PM, John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu wrote:
Tipsters:
Some time ago I recall reading something to the effect that our 90/80/70/60
ABCD grading scheme originated with Scottish instructors who brought it across
the Atlantic in colonial
I have the Dover edition of Conditioned Reflexes in English (Anrep, translator)
and I don't recall bells, but there are buzzers, metronomes, light flashes and
tactile stimuli. The Russian word for bell .. well, hard to do on keyboard...
'E'BOHOK but my 'E' is that iconic backwards E which is
: Mike Palij m...@nyu.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Cc: Michael Palij m...@nyu.edu
Sent: Friday, September 27, 2013 9:58:48 AM
Subject: Re: [tips] Pavlov and bells
On Fri, 27 Sep 2013 06:21:08 -0700, John Kulig wrote:
I have
memory says metronome and tone but no bell ...
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
==
- Original Message -
From: michael sylvester
Yes .. tenured professors can get fired, and I knew one here that was.
After a quick glance at the info, I wasn't sure if he tweeted on University
stationary or his own (I realize tweets are electronic ... I have never done
one but assume they can be sent from either the UK's computer or his
btw, check out one of the more famous cases of a professor can have opinions
that others find abhorrent ... most tipsters will disagree with his views on
Chinese immigrants but perhaps they will like his view of railroads .. A
railroad deal is a railroad steal .. he was a supporter of the
I understand the 'systems' in history and systems to refer to the classic
approaches take by different psych 'schools' - behavioral, structuralism,
gestalt, psychoanalytic, cognitive (look the the outlines of well known texts
like Brennan). The problem is that the systems do not exist in these
Oh the stories we could tell! I lived in an attic apartment (real cozy actually), drove a 1967 Volvo only when I left town (it was past its prime even then; the 67s were not the upscale Volvos of today), lived without any phone for a year, accepted care
OK I have a minute:(1) Separating other people into out-groups and in-groups is a basic human tendency (2) We identify groups by some combination of physical characteristics, gestures, uniforms, languages and accents, customs and beliefs (3) "The media"
typo, yikes! ... liberals are _not_ above this! ==John W. Kulig, Ph.D.Professor of PsychologyCoordinator, Psychology HonorsPlymouth State University Plymouth NH 03264 ==From: "John Kuli
"Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)" tips@fsulist.frostburg.eduSent: Thursday, June 6, 2013 1:54:21 PMSubject: Re: [tips] Conspiracy loversOn 2013-06-06, at 12:57 PM, John Kulig wrote:In-group, out-group joke of the day: "Nobody goes to Coney Island anymore. It gets too cro
'.
And heritability is not a genetic measure, just a statement of the extent to
which a measure is predictable from one generation to the next.
On May 29, 2013, at 12:59 PM, John Kulig wrote:
Hi Mike
Yeah well, there is always a difference between (1) description of
group differences and (2
Hi Mike
Yeah well, there is always a difference between (1) description of group
differences and (2) explanation. Group differences in IQ (and/or g) exist. In
one sense, what really matters is the effect size. In another sense, average
performance differences do not matter; what _really_
I _knew_ it was only a matter of time before more data appeared! I will try to
track down the details. I predicted some dependence could be demonstrated since
a person shooting hoops (unlike a coin) has a memory, is prone to
fatigue/practice effects, arousal fluctuations etc. It is also
I agree with the eyeball method and it fits a distinction I always make between the context of discovery and a context of justification. Most researchers (some tipster might want to say "some researchers") discover based on the eyeball, playing with
Mike et al
I'm laying my bet on O'Mally from Boston ... not an Italian but he is perceived
as doing good job with scandals AND he really looks the part (the beard and
all) ...
JK
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, University Honors
==
- Original Message -
From: Mike Palij m...@nyu.edu
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
tips@fsulist.frostburg.edu
Cc: Michael Palij m...@nyu.edu
Sent: Wednesday, March 13, 2013 2:29:38 PM
Subject: Re: [tips] Hey, We Got A Pope!
On Wed, 13 Mar 2013 11:17:21 -0700, John
I am not the expert in meta-analysis, so any help will be appreciated. I am
currently finding some materials but in the meantime a few quick questions.
I know how to combine Z scores to get an overall Z and p level using Stouffer's
methods - in my case I have 4 p values, and I would find the
Oh somebody just hit my Boston button! Sorry for the non-psych related yada
yada .. but its one of the truly _walkable_ and historic cities in the US.
There are few greater thrills greater than walking around at night (well,
Cambridge mostly, but ..) amidst students, bicycles, tourists etc
That was my understanding too ... though while washing dishes last night I
warmed up to Jim's (was it Jim Clark?? Sorry if I forgot!) suggestion
(imperfect memory here) of treating item as a random factor, get a CI, and then
noting which improvements lies outside the CI. Also, a very simple
Nice replies (Jim C, Karl W and Mike P and others ..) so I won't repeat what
has been said except to note - as a tangent to the original posts - that in
some of my classes I spend time with the relative risk Karl W discusses. I
use the example of aspirin and MI (heart attack) in the 1988 (New
The _original_ was Brady, 1958 Scientific American the executive monkey
study. In this study those that _had_ control developed ulcers ... other
studies dealt with predictability. It is my understanding the original Brady
study had design issues ..
Brady, J. V. (1958). Ulcers in
Michael A. Britt, Ph.D.
mich...@thepsychfiles.com
http://www.ThePsychFiles.com
Twitter: mbritt
On Dec 21, 2012, at 8:47 AM, John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu wrote:
The _original_ was Brady, 1958 Scientific American the executive monkey
study. In this study those
On 'g' .. I suspect rumors of its demise are premature. The bottom line, for
me, is that IQ tests remain solid predictors of academic and employment
success, and when the items on them (any multi-item test of general cognitive
abilities) are factor analyzed, g is very difficult to avoid. Few
Interestingly, some supporters of Romney said (I am told) we should not worry
about a Romney presidency because he really didn't mean all the stuff he said
during the campaign. That was my optimistic outlook ... three cheers for
etch-a-sketch politics!
==
John W.
Today's Boston Globe f eatures our own John Kulig, who is also my colleague at
Plymouth State University:
http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/11/03/hello-entirely-unique-name-dave/oDwyfrbnNwwFa8e1AU5JwO/story.html
Beth Benoit
Granite State College
Plymouth State University
New Hampshire
in the
little hamlet in NH? I could swear one voter looked like you.
Michael
- Original Message -
From: John Kulig
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Sent: Tuesday, November 06, 2012 12:34 PM
Subject: Re: [tips] No one's named Dave like I am
Hey Beth
Thanks
Yes, what a surprise that cats are predators! They are not the only predators
out there of course, especially in the wilds of NH (where Mitt Romney shops
for hardware stuff Yikes!). I lost two cats the past few years, and the
thought of seeing, up close on cam, the open jaws of a larger
I am a little surprised at the result, as the data in the table was % who
checked 4 or higher on 7 point scale. BUT, I am always cautious with results
from such scales for lots of reasons ... (1) results can change with the verbal
anchors on the scale .. what were they? I anxiously await
Yes, probably the same lessons we can learn from watching soap operas and
reading Harlequin romances ... they present human behavior as it actually
occurs and not how we _want_ it to occur. We can also gain insight into human
nature/behavior/motivation by noting what we as humans like to watch
I cannot remember if we had posts on summer reading .. but these two are on my
coffee table:
The Social Animal by David Brooks (Conservative writer and NY Times columnist).
He follows the lives of hypothetical people Harold and Erica to put a human
face on evolutionary psych findings. I
Well, as someone once said scratch a criterion and find a norm .. Criterion
referenced tests have a fixed standard to passing, while normed tests are
graded on a curve.
==
John W. Kulig, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Coordinator, University Honors
Plymouth State
Hey Mike
Well, some will argue that spirituality is a personality trait in its own
right, the 6th and neglected trait, and totally overshadowed by the Big 5
OCEAN. I am not surprised there are neurological links; temporal lobe epilepsy
has been linked to spiritual states of consciousness, and
Mike and others
I always do everything backwards, I read your link _after_ I shot off my post!
The researchers in Italy were measuring (ST) Self-Transcendence which is a
trait in Cloninger's Temperment and Character Inventory (TCI). ST has three sub
scales, and a brief description of ST can
I think either is ok ..though my preference is histogram style. Even though (as
Don says) the Likert scales are not necessarily equal intervals if we think
about the relationship between our data and the true (unknowable) underlying
function, I would consider the scales continuous as opposed to
One possibility (which is easily checked by examining the scatterplot of all
data with the two groups visually coded) is this. In a scatterplot of all the
data, lets say group 1's data shows a positive correlation, but most of the
points are in the upper left quadrant. Group 2's data, which
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